Abstract
Objectives: To validate the prognostic significance of preoperative serum iron metabolism parameters in non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with curative resection.
Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in the Department of Surgical Oncology, WuXi 4th People’s Hospital, WuxiChina, between March 2010 and September 2013. The relationships of serum iron metabolism parameters with other variables were examined. The prognostic significance was evaluated using the Kaplan Meier curve and Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Results: Five hundred and fourteen patients were eligible for analysis. The levels of the 3 iron metabolism parameters were interdependent. Hemoglobin level was positively correlated with serum iron and transferrin, and was negatively correlated with ferritin. Compared with peri-neural invasion (PNI)-negative patients, PNI-positive patients had higher serum iron (p=0.03) and ferritin levels (p=0.01). Compared with patients with the lowest quartile level of ferritin, patients with the highest quartile level of ferritin had a 2.21 (95% CI: 1.18-4.14) fold increased mortality risk in the univariate and 2.56 (95% CI: 1.10-5.96) in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. When stratified by TNM stages, it was only in stage III patients that serum ferritin remained statistically prognostically significant.
Conclusions: Preoperative serum ferritin appeared as an independent adverse risk factor in non-metastatic colorectal cancer.
Iron is an essential nutrient for life. Cancer cells have altered cellular iron metabolism, exhibit enhanced dependence on cellular iron for proliferation, dramatically more susceptible to iron depletion than their normal counterparts, a phenomenon termed iron addiction.1 Iron chelators thus appeared as an attractive anti-neoplastic treatment.2,3 Ferritin is the primary iron-binding protein that exists both intracellularly and extracellularly. Recent evidence indicated that ferritin might play a role in cancer proliferation, angiogenesis, immunosuppression,4 and therapeutic resistance.5 The associations of serum iron metabolism parameters and cancers have long been studied. As early as 1976, it was observed that breast cancer patients with higher serum ferritin levels appeared to have higher tumor recurrence rates. In metastatic breast cancer, elevated serum ferritin was associated with reduced progression-free survival and overall survival.6 A higher level of serum ferritin has been demonstrated as a poor prognostic factor in a variety of other malignancies, including lung cancer,7-9 pancreatic cancer,10,11 multiple myeloma,12 hepatocellular carcinoma,13 stage IV neuroblastoma,14 and colorectal cancer.15 Nevertheless, the evidence was not always consistent. Serum ferritin was not prognostic in melanoma patients treated with adjuvant interferon-alfa,16 nor in operable breast cancer.17 Population based epidemiological research also did not support the association of serum ferritin with cancer mortality either.18,19 It seems that the prognostic significance of serum iron metabolism parameters is dependent on both tumor-type and clinical context.
In colorectal cancer, high baseline ferritin was shown as an independent poor prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer,15 but was not prognostic in stage I-III colorectal cancer.20,21 For further clarification, we conducted a prospective cohort study to validate the significance of pre-operative serum iron metabolism parameters on the outcome of non- metastatic colorectal cancer treated with curative surgery.
Methods
Between March 2010 and September 2013, all patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer scheduled to have radical surgery at the Department of Surgical Oncology of Wuxi 4th People’s Hospital, Jiangsu, China were invited to participate in this study. The study was approved by the Hospital’s Ethics Review Board. Patients were first informed on the purpose and process of the study. Individuals who agreed to participate, signed the written informed consents form and enrolled. The study was performed according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
Patients with the following conditions were excluded: 1) patients who had undergone neo-adjuvant treatments, 2) who had metastatic diseases at diagnosis, 3) who had previously been diagnosed with other malignancy including colorectal cancer at different sites, and 4) who had multiple synchronous primary colorectal cancers. Before surgery, enrolled patients had their serum iron, ferritin and transferrin tested as required. After surgery, patients who had metastatic diseases found intraoperatively or who died within one month after surgery were further excluded.
The following information was individually collected from medical charts and recorded: patient’s name, age, gender, hemoglobin (Hb) level, pathological characteristics including site of disease, histology, depth of primary tumor invasion, number of lymph nodes with metastases (LNM), histological grade, number of total lymph nodes sampled, number of tumor deposits (TDs), status of peri-neural invasion (PNI) and lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), tumor necrosis and adjuvant treatment. Patients were staged according to the 7th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging manual.
All patients were routinely followed up every 3 months by either telephone interviews or scheduled physician visits until their death. The final follow up was conducted on June 2016.
Laboratory measurement
Serum iron hemostasis parameters, including iron, ferritin, and transferrin, were tested preoperatively after patients signed the informed consent forms. Briefly, subjects fasted at least for 8 hours before sampling, and 4-5 ml blood was collected in an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tube. Ferritin was measured by a chemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Module E170 Chemiluminescence Immunoassay System, Rotkreuz, Switzerland). Transferrin and iron were measured by turbidimetric immunoassay and colorimetric method, respectively (Roche Modular P800 Automatic Biochemistry Analyzer, Rotkreuz, Switzerland).
Statistical analysis
The Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze the associations among continuous variables (age, Hb, CRP, iron, ferritin and transferrin). Since the distribution of serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin were not normal, the relationships of the 3 parameters with other categorical variables were examined with Spearman rank correlation tests. Levels of iron metabolism parameters were modeled as 4 equal-sized quartiles based on the distribution among the whole cohort. The Kaplan Meier curve was used to estimate survival probability, and the log-rank test was used to detect the differences. The assumption of proportionality was checked by including time dependent covariates in the model. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the independent prognostic significance of each variable. To achieve better prediction and to keep the variables continuous, the multivariate fractional polynominals (MFP) approach was used to model any non-linearity effects and avoid categorization. Subgroup analysis and tests of interaction were used to detect potential confounding effects.
All hypothesis tests were 2-sided with p<0.05 as statistically significant. All statistical analysis was performed using STATA (STATACorp. LP, College Station, TX, USA) version 10.
Results
A total of 576 patients were initially screened for eligibility for this study. A total of 54 patients had neo-adjuvant treatment, 53 of whom had rectal cancer and one had colon cancer. Fifty-four patients had neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, and 26 patients had neo-adjuvant radiation. One rectal cancer patient had intra-artery neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Twelve patients had a previous history of other malignancy, including 6 patients with colorectal cancer at different sites, 3 patients with breast cancer, one patient with cervical cancer, one patient with endometrial cancer, and one patient with prostate cancer. Five patients were found intraoperatively to have intra-abdominal metastasis, and 4 patients had metastatic diseases found preoperatively. Two patients died within 30 days postoperatively. Twelve patients were lost to follow up. The final follow up was conducted on June 2016. A final total of 514 patients were eligible for analysis. With a median follow up period of 52 months, a total of 150 cancer related deaths (26.1%) occurred.
The demographic and biochemical characteristics for the cohort are listed in Table 1. Most patients had normal serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin. Seventy-three percent of patients had normal iron levels, 25% of patients had abnormally low iron levels, and only 2% of patients had abnormally high iron levels. Seventy-nine percent of patients had normal ferritin levels, 18% of patients had abnormally low ferritin, and only 3% had abnormally high ferritin. Seventy-five percent of patients had normal transferrin levels and 24% of patients had abnormally low transferrin levels. The pathological characteristics are listed in Table 2. Most patients had stage IIIB disease, followed by stage IIA disease. Approximately 90% of patients had 12 or more lymph nodes sampled. Relationships of serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin with other variables. The levels of the 3 iron metabolism parameters were interdependent. Serum iron was inversely correlated with serum transferrin (rho=-0.14, p=0.02). Serum transferrin was inversely correlated with ferritin (rho=-0.56, p<0.001). Serum ferritin was positively correlated with serum iron (rho=0.57, p<0.001). The data reported in Tables 3 & 4 describe the relationships of the iron metabolism parameters with other variables. Age was inversely correlated with transferrin level and had a borderline positive correlation with ferritin level. Compared with male patients, female patients had higher serum iron levels, higher ferritin levels, and lower transferrin levels. Serum CRP level was inversely correlated with serum iron level. Hemoglobin showed positive correlation with serum iron and ferrintin, and a negative correlation with transferrin. Serum iron level was negatively correlated with T stage. Compared to PNI negative patients, PNI positive patients had both higher serum iron and ferritin levels.
Demographic and biochemical characteristics of 576 patients initially screened for eligibility.
Pathological characteristics of the cohort.
Relationships of serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin with patients’ demographic and biochemical characteristics.
Relationships of serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin of 576 patients screened for eligibility.
Prognostic associations
The effects of the predictor variables were constant over time, and there was a linear relationship between overall survival and predictor variables (data not shown). Univariate analysis identified T stage (p=0.003), N stage (p<0.001), TNM stage (p<0.001), histological grade (p=0.01), status of TDs (HR=2.79, 95% CI:1.79-4.36, p<0.001), status of PNI (HR=2.92, 95% CI:1.62-5.25, p=0.002), status of LVI (HR:2.09, 95% CI:1.25-3.51, p=0.01), and grade 4 anemia (HR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.24-6.59) as significant prognostic factors. Necrosis (p=0.67), adjuvant treatment (p=0.21) and number of total lymph nodes sampled (p=0.40), CRP levels (p=0.11) were not predictive of patient survival. Multivariate analysis showed T stage, N stage, TNM stage, status of TDs (p=0.001), PNI (p=0.01), and grade 4 anemia (p=0.01) to be independent prognostic factors for this cohort.
Fitted as categorical variables, neither serum iron nor transferrin was predictive of overall survival by either univariate or multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (Table 5). The lack of separation of the Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test confirmed the lack of such an association (Figure 1). Multivariate fractional polynominals analysis also did not detect any significant associations of iron metabolism parameters with overall survival either (iron: p=0.29, transferrin: p=0.35, ferritin: p=0.22).
Univariate and multivariate prognostic analysis of iron, ferritin, and transferrin of 576 patients screened for eligibility.
Kaplan-Meier curve of colorectal cancer survival by quartiles of A) iron, B) transferrin, and C) ferritin
Compared to patients with the lowest quartile level of ferritin, patients with the highest quartile level of ferritin had 2.21 (95% CI: 1.18-4.14) fold increased mortality risk in the univariate and 2.56 (95% CI: 1.10-5.96), in the multivariate model. Because serum ferritin was significantly associated with PNI status and anemic status, tests of interaction were performed to detect possible confounding effects. Tests of interaction were significant for ferritin with PNI status (p=0.01), anemic status (p=0.01) and TNM stages (p<0.001). When stratified by TNM stages, serum ferritin remained statistically prognostic significant (p=0.02) only in stage III patients (Table 6). Ferritin levels were not prognostic of PNI negative patients (data not shown), and the sample of PNI positive patients was too small to perform analysis.
Univariate prognostic analysis of ferritin stratified by TNM stages and status of anemia status among 411 patients.
Discussion
The study is the first to prospectively investigate the prognostic significance of serum iron metabolism parameters exclusively in non-metastatic colorectal cancer treated with curative surgery. It was observed that higher serum ferritin was an independent poor prognostic factor. The underlying biological mechanism of the prognostic significance of serum ferritin is quite intriguing. The intracellular functions of ferritin are for the most part well-characterized and believed to be protective of cancer cells,22,23 but the significance of serum (extracellular) ferritin in the host is poorly understood.4 Neoplasm was initially believed to be the source of increased serum ferritin. Previous research demonstrated that nude mice bearing human neuroblastoma xenografts had human ferritin in the mice sera. Serum ferritin levels became normal as tumors entered remission. Cancer patients with metastasis had higher serum ferritin than patients without metastasis and had lower serum ferritin after surgery.24 Nevertheless, the level of colon tissue ferritin was not related to the systemic parameters of iron metabolism.25 The expression levels of ferritin heavy chain (FHC) were gradually decreased from normal colon tissues and non-LNM colorectal cancer to LNM colorectal cancer.26 If it is not directly from tumor cells other sources of elevated serum ferritin must be considered. Indeed, studies in breast cancer have indicated that the rise in serum ferritin might be attributable to stromal reaction rather than to tumor synthesis. It was validated that ferritin light chain (FLT) was stored in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) with M2-like phenotype and an independent prognostic marker.27 In cell culture, macrophages, but not breast cancer cells, were capable of ferritin secretion. The secreted ferritin stimulated the proliferation of MCF7 and T47D.28 Additionally, ferritin has been shown to antagonize the anti-angiogenic effect of HKa and enhance the migration, assembly, and survival of HKa-treated endothelial cells.29 We postulate that elevated serum ferritin mainly originates from TAMs. Tumor-associated macrophages-derived ferritin then promots tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.
Study limitations
The data for this study were not robust enough to clarify the confounding effects of PNI status, TNM stages, and anemic status. In fact, the results of the non-prespecified subgroup analysis were error prone, either for false-positivity due to multiplicity, or for false-negativity due to chance and lack of power. Even with significant interaction tests, readers are advised to base their interpretation of the findings on biological plausibility, the pre-specification of analysis, and the statistical strength. In this study, the sample was too small to perform subgroup analysis on PNI-positive patients. The statistics were not very strong for their interaction tests of PNI status and anemic status. Meanwhile, biological plausibility was absent for such interactions. Thus, caution is indicated when interpreting these results. Second, there are always difficulties in modeling continuous predictors. In fact, we believe the discrepancy of the results between our study and the other studies20,21 can be partly attributed to the different modeling of continuous variables. Categorizing continuous variables will reduce the statistical power. In this case, we used the MFP approach to model continuous variables, which failed to detect significance. Although inappropriate cutoff points may provide spurious results, categorization is more clinically meaningful, with easy application. We employed quarterly categorization, which is commonly applied in the literature. In addition, the patient population from Clemens’s study seemed different from ours, since the overall survival is slightly lower in this study, which we believed might be related to the more advanced stages in our study. Third, since the protocol of this present study did not mandate the collection of recurrence information and most patients were followed up with telephone interviews, recurrence information was absent. For post-operative cancer patients, prognostic factors predicting recurrence may be more clinically meaningful than predicting overall survival.
In summary, elevated pre-operative serum ferritin appeared as an independent mortality risk factor in non-metastatic colorectal cancer, especially in stage III patients. While the interactions of serum ferritin with PNI status, anemic status, and TNM stages were statistically significant, caution is advised in interpreting the results. Further studies are warranted to investigate those possible associations.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received August 23, 2016.
- Accepted November 21, 2016.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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