Abstract
Objectives: To analyze predictors of death in elderly patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Methods: A record-based study carried out between January 2016 and January 2018 at The central province in Saudi Arabia. All elderly patients (>75 years) with definite diagnosis of ACS were retrospectively included. Demographic data, echocardiographic, and angiographic parameters were reported.
Results: A total of 179 patients were enrolled, 129 (72%) were male. The mean age was 79±4.7 years. Approximately 102 (57%) patients were diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Of all 125 (70%) underwent invasive coronary angiography, we found that 43 (24%) had significant single vessel disease (1VD), 29 (16.2%) had 2 vessel disease (2VD), and 41 (22.9%) had 3 vessel disease (3VD) or left main stenosis. During hospitalization 21 (11.7%) patients died, t-test analysis showed patients who died were significantly older (82±6.7 versus [vs.] 79±4.2 years, p=0.003). In addition we found that ejection fraction was lower in death group (30.2%±10.7) vs. (36.5%±1.1) in survivors, p=0.017); STEMI was more common in death group (90.5%) vs. (52.5%) in survivors, p=0.001); similarly, the prevalence of 3VD was higher in death group (38.1%) vs. (20.9%) in survivors, p=0.018). Importantly, PCI was not significantly different between death and survival groups (40% vs. 53.8%, p=0.177). A multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that predictors of death were: age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.214; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.122-1.384; p<0.0001), intubation (HR, 10.106; 95% CI, 9.844-10.792; p<0.0001), and raised creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) (HR, 1.005; 95% CI, 1.002-1.013; p=0.04) predicted in hospital death.
Conclusion: Older age, mechanical ventilation and raised CK-MB can significantly predict death in elderly patients (>75-year-old) diagnosed with ACS; nevertheless, PCI showed no survival benefits.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered as one of the most common health issues in different age groups. In addition, it has been more frequently encountered in older individuals, due to increased life expectancy and the adoption of sedentary lifestyles.1,2 Over the past years, World Health Organization reported that the mortality of CAD in Saudi Arabia is approximately 24% of total deaths and ranked Saudi Arabia as the 34th in the world.1 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a common clinical presentation of CAD which is associated with significant hospitalizations and emergency visits worldwide each year.3
Multiple studies reported that older age as a significant predictor of in-hospital death and poor clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with ACS, due to the higher prevalence of CAD risk factors and its related complications.4-7 Although patients older than 65 years encountered approximately 60% of hospitalization for ACS, the exact incidence rate of ACS in patients older than 75-year is not well- known. Importantly, guidelines directed therapy for ACS is suboptimal in elderly patients; nevertheless, they have more risk of medical and procedures complications.5 elderly patients (>75 years) with ACS were under-represented and account less than 10% of all subjects included in clinical trials.8 Of note, in Saudi Arabia there is no study investigated in-hospital mortality of ACS in patients older than 75 years; thus, the aim of this study is to analyze mortality and the outcome of invasive procedures compared to medical treatment in this age group.
Methods
A record-based historical prospective study between January 2016 and January 2018 The central province in Saudi Arabia. All elderly individuals aged more than 75 years old with a definitive diagnosis of ACS including unstable angina, non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a tertiary care cardiac center in the central region of Saudi Arabia were selected. We reported the demographic data of the patients such as age, gender, risk factors, symptoms at time of presentation, electrocardiogram findings, laboratory investigations, coronary angiographic data, percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) data, echocardiographic parameters, hospital stay, and final diagnosis and in hospital mortality. The institutional and regional ethical committee approved the study protocol.
Statistical analysis
A 2-sample t-test was used for normally distributed continuous variables between patients who died and survived patients. To compare the outcome between interventional versus (vs.) non-interventional groups, Chi-square test was run for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney test was used to compare length of stay between the groups. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS for Windows, version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
A total of 179 patients were included in the study with mean age 79±4.7 years, 129 (72%) were male. They presented with ACS either STEMI (57%) or NSTEMI (77%). Approximately 62% of the patients were diabetic, 63 were hypertensive, nearly 13% were dyslipidemic, 6% were smoker, and 1% family history of CAD. There was no significant gender differences regarding diabetes (76 [60%)] for men vs. 35 [70%] for women, p=0.7] and in hypertension (73 [57%] for men vs. 41[82%] for women, p=0.1].
As regard to coronary angiography, 43 patients (24%) had single vessel disease (1VD), 29 patients (16.2%) had 2VD and 41 patients (22%) had left main or 3VD. Of those presented with STEMI, 93 patients had PCI for culprit lesion. Other clinical characteristics shown in Table 1.
The baseline characteristic of elderly patients.
In-hospital death
During hospitalization 21 (11.7%) died. The t-test analysis showed that patients who died were significantly older (82±6.7 vs. 79±4.2, p=0.003), higher prevalence of STEMI (90.5% vs. 52.5%, p=0.001), lower Ejection fraction (EF) (30.2±10.7 vs. 36.5±1.1, p=0.017), more of those with 3VD (38.1% vs. 20.9%, p=0.018). Importantly, PCI was performed in (40.0%) of death group and (53.8%) of survivors which was statistically non-significant (p=0.177). Other difference between groups seen in Table 1
We ran a univariate regression including all variables that significantly associated with death and we found that age, creatinine kinase-MB (CKMB), creatinine and mechanical ventilation was significant predictors of death (Table 2). However, multivariate regression showed age, CKMB and mechanical ventilation were significantly predictors of in-hospital death Table 2.
Univariante binary regression of variables associated with higher mortality and multivariate binary regression including variables with p value <0.1.
Discussion
With the spread and improvement of medical services, the number of elderly individuals in the community has significantly increased.9 At the same time, percentage of elderly patients presented with ACS is increasingly year-by-year.10 In contrast to younger patients, elderly usually present with atypical symptoms, have more endothelial dysfunction, extensive CAD, and more non-cardiac morbidities.11
According to our knowledge, the data about in-hospital mortality of elderly presented with ACS in Saudi Arabia is insufficient. The current study demonstrated that elderly patients presented with ACS had approximately 12% of in-hospital death. In addition, we found that the most meaning predictors of in-hospital mortality were advanced age and elevated cardiac enzymes at the time of presentation. On the other hand, PCI had no effect on the mortality rate.12 These results are similar to a previous study of Bauer et al11 who investigated risk of mortality in elderly undergone PCI and stated that age is a strong predictor of in hospital death. In addition, they found that patients ≥75year-old has a 3-fold mortality when compared to a younger age group. Moreover, our results were similar to that of Rahman et al,13 who found that the higher levels of CKMB and other cardiac biomarkers were associated with a worse outcome and an increase in mortality rate.
In the present study, we found that hemodynamic instability and respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation were important predictors of in- hospital death that was reported by previous studies.11 Hemodynamic instability and respiratory failure may occur at time of presentation or during hospitalization due to either pump failure, mechanical complications or a consequence of concomitant respiratory diseases.14
Moreover we found that early revascularization with PCI had no significant impact on mortality. Our results were differ from the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndrome (GUSTO IIb) trial that showed PCI leads to significant reduction in death among patients more 70 years old. This difference can be explained by the older age of the included patients in our study and the new advancement of adherent medical treatment.15 Although there are no age limits for coronary arteries revascularization, PCI still considered a challenge in elderly individuals due to the extensive and complexity of coronary lesions, higher contrast induced nephropathy, vascular, and bleeding complications.16-18
In the same context, Bruer et al11 reported that patients older than 75 years undergoing PCI for ACS or stable angina had high rate of procedure related complications.
Study limitations
It is a single center study, based on a retrospective review of patients’ data. Our results concern with in-hospital death predictors in elderly patients managed in a tertiary care center; thus, our findings can not be generalized on primary non-PCI capable hospitals. Lastly, relatively low number population involved can limit the conclusiveness of our results.
In conclusion, the mortality rate is approximately 12% in patients older than 75 years. Age, high cardiac enzymes at time of presentation, and need to mechanical ventilation support are significant predictors for in hospital mortality. Importantly, no survival benefits was shown with primary or early PCI in elderly presented with ACS. The decision of performing PCI should take in consideration age of the patient as well as associated comorbid diseases and hemodynamic state.
Further randomized prospective studies are required to assess revascularizations versus optimal medical management of ACS in this group of patients.
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Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received August 5, 2019.
- Accepted September 17, 2019.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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