Abstract
Objectives: To estimate age at menarche and to assess trends in menarcheal age among Saudi women.
Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted among healthy prepubertal female school children and adolescents from September 2006 to July 2012 in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Study participants were invited from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Tanner stage, height, weight, body mass index, and socioeconomic parameters including parent’s level of education were collected. Age at menarche was compared with maternal age at menarche.
Results: The study included 265 girls and mothers. Mean±standard deviation (SD) age at menarche for girls was 13.08 ± 1.1 years, and their distribution category across the ≤10 years was 4 (1.5%), 11-14 years was 239 (90.2%), and ≥15 years was 22 (8.3%) girls. Anthropometric measurements, mother’s level of education, and family income were not statistically significant determining factors associated with age at menarche. Mean ± SD age at menarche for mothers was 13.67 ± 1.4 years, and their distribution category across the ≤10 years was 7 (2.6%), 11-14 years was 172 (64.9%), and ≥15 years was 86 (32.5%). Girls attained menarche at younger age compared with their mothers (p<0.0001). A downward secular trend in age of menarche was observed (Cuzick test for trend = 0.049).
Conclusion: Saudi girls attain menarcheal age earlier than their mothers, reflecting a downward secular trend in menarcheal age.
Menarche is a unique life event for each female; as it marks transition from childhood into adulthood with all known biological and psychological consequences.1 More recently, the timing of puberty gained much attention owing to the increased recognition of the association between menarche and breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.2,3 Onset of menarche is affected by many genetic and environmental factors including ethnicity, geographic location, and body mass index.4-7 Age at menarche is also affected by many prenatal and postnatal factors including birth size,7 rapid postnatal weight gain,7,8 and stressful childhood experiences.9,10 Since the middle of the last century, age at menarche was declining at an estimated rate of 3 to 4 months per decade.1 This trend might have slowed, or even stopped in some European countries, although it is still ongoing in Asia and the United States.1 The status of this trend among Saudi girls is not known. In 1995, mean age at menarche was found to be 15.1 years for girls at the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).11 No data exists on age at menarche among Saudi girls since then. In this study, we aim to estimate the age at menarche for Saudi girls in the central part of KSA. Factors affecting onset of menarche was determined together with evaluation for a possible secular trend by comparing age at menarche in these girls with the age at menarche of their mothers.
Methods
Study design
This is a prospective follow-up study carried out from September 2006 to July 2012 of girls who did not attain menarche in a previous study conducted to assess pubertal characteristics among school girls in Riyadh, KSA.12 The previous study included 725 students, between the age of 6 and 16, selected based on cluster sampling technique. Of these, only 269 girls attained menarche at the time the present study was conducted; and were therefore recruited into this study. Four girls were excluded as their mothers could not recall the time of their first menstrual period. Schools were selected from high, as well as low social class from the 4 regions of Riyadh City, using information from the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Education to construct the sample. Those who failed to recall the time of menarche were excluded from the study. The study’s protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, KSA, and informed consent was obtained. The study was performed according to the principles of Helsinki Declaration.
Data collection
Data were collected by female pediatric endocrinologists and trained pediatric endocrinology fellows. Baseline data on parents’ education, work, and monthly income, including child’s date of birth and medical history were collected using a structured questionnaire. A systematic data collection protocol was followed to collect data on the following variables:
Growth parameters
Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer and recorded to the nearest 0.1cm. Weight was measured with a beam-balance scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated according to the following formula: weight (kg) divided by height squared (meters).
Menarche age
Menarche age was recorded as recalled by the participant to the nearest year. Mothers were interviewed by phone separately away from their daughters.
Parent’s education
The level of education for both parents was recorded in the questionnaire and categorized into 7 categories including: primary school, intermediate school, high school, university, higher education, professional, and so forth.
Parent’s work
The job of both parents was recorded in the questionnaire, categorized into 6 categories: governmental, nongovernmental, business, retired, unemployed, and others.
Family income
The family income was recorded in Saudi Riyals and categorized into 7 categories from less than 3000 to more than 20,000 Riyals. Two more categories were added to include those who did not specify, and those who refused to answer the question regarding their income.
Statistical analysis
Data were summarized as proportions or medians (interquartile range). Age at menarche was categorized as ≤10, 11-14, and ≥15. An χ2 or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous data. Cuzick test for trend was used to compare age at menarche for girls and mother. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables (all mothers and girls characteristics) associated with age at menarche. All tests were 2-sided and p<0.05 was considered significant. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to analyze data.
Results
Two-hundred and sixty-five girls and their corresponding mothers were included in the study. The characteristics of these participants are summarized in Table 1. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) age at menarche for girls was 13.08 ± 1.1 years, and their distribution category across the ≤10 years was 4 (1.5%), 11-14 years was 239 (90.2%), and ≥15 years was 22 (8.3%) girls. None of the socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the girls or their mothers were significantly associated with age at menarche. Mean ± SD age at menarche for mothers was 13.67 ± 1.4 years, and their distribution category across the ≤10 years was 7 (2.6%), 11-14 years was 172 (64.9%), and ≥15 years was 86 (32.5%). Mean age at menarche for mothers and girls was statistically different (t-test p< 0.0001). In addition, the trend across the 3 categories of age at menarche for girls was also statistically significantly different from their mothers’ age at menarche (Cuzick test for trend = 0.049) Figure 1. In the logistic regression analysis conducted to identify mothers and girls characteristics associated with age at menarche, no significant association was found.
Characteristics of 265 girls and mothers by age at menarche in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
An image showing Cuzick test for trend = 0.049 comparing age at menarche of 265 girls and their mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Discussion
This study is among the studies carried out to estimate age at menarche for Saudi girls in Riyadh, KSA and to explore its association with growth parameters, mother’s income, and level of education, and to compare age at menarche for girls with that of their mothers. The mean age at menarche for girls in our study was estimated at 13.08 years; 1.5% had early menarche (<10 years), and 8.3% had late menarche (≥15 years). No statistically significant variations were found between menarcheal age groups across growth parameters, mother income and mother level of education in this study. When compared with their mothers, girls in our study had significantly lower age at menarche. The estimated age at menarche for Saudi girls in our study is comparable to age at menarche reported lately in the literature at both regional13,14 and Western countries.15-17 Reported age at menarche was 12.41 years in Kuwait,13 12.44 years in Egypt,14 12.72 years in Canada,15 12.84 years in Argentina,18 12.34 years in US,16 and 12.5 years in UK.17 Reported age at menarche at low income countries seems to be higher; estimated at 16.9 years in Ethiopia,19 13.22 years in India,20 and 15.26 years in Nigeria.21 However, comparing sexual maturation age between different countries might not be appropriate owing to the underlying socio-demographic variations.22,23 In contrast to what has been reported previously, no significant effect of growth parameters on the age at menarche was found in our study. Body mass index, as shown by many previous studies13,24-26 has an inverse relationship with age at menarche. The exact mechanism of this relationship is not yet clear, but possible explanations may be that increased BMI during prepubertal period increases the availability of estrogen,27 or, alternatively, that increased estrogen during early menarche leads to increased deposition of the fat in the peripheral adipose tissue.28
In our study, no significant effect of social class on the age at menarche has been demonstrated, although the effect of socio-demographic factors have been well demonstrated in previously reported studies at both national11 and international1,15,29 levels. Girls from higher socio-demographic areas were found to have earlier menarche in most of the previously reported studies. This may be explained by improved nutrition status in this group which favors earlier menarche. Al-Sahab et al,15 found a different result among Canadian girls, where girls from lower socio-demographic classes were found to have earlier menarche. This has maybe explained by the higher prevalence of obesity among girls from lower socio-demographic areas in Canada30,31 and lower stress levels among girls from higher socio-demographic areas leading to delayed menarcheal age.
When compared with their mothers, girls in our study attained menarche at a statistically significant lower age. The same applies when age at menarche for girls in our study is compared with that of girls from Jeddah in 1995, which was found to be 15.1 years.11 This declining menarcheal age was reported in KSA before,32 when a difference of 0.4 years in menarcheal age was observed when age at menarche for 2 generations of women was compared in a cancer survey. This might suggest an ongoing secular trend of a declining menarcheal age among Saudi girls. When age at menarche for girls in Kuwait from 2 reports more than a decade apart was compared, the same decline was observed; from 12.7 years in 200033 to 12.4 years in 2013.13 A similar decline in age at menarche was reported in Ireland34 from 13.52 years in 1983 to 12.53 years in 2006, in US16 from 12.53 years in 1988/1994 to 12.34 years in 1999/2002 and in Japan35 from 12.34 years for women born 1960 to 12.2 years for women born 1980. However, this trend might have slowed, or even stopped in some European countries.1
We acknowledge the limitations of this study. The study was conducted in Riyadh region only. Therefore, our findings might not exclusively represent a vast country with different socio-demographic backgrounds like KSA, and as such, is difficult to extrapolate to the whole regions of the Kingdom. Age at menarche recorded in our study might have been subjected to recall bias, and hence represents an estimate rather than an accurate age at menarche. However, the findings of this study have important public health implications. Girls with early menarche are at increased risk of breast cancer,2 and many psychosocial problems including: depression; eating disorders; poor academic achievements; and substance abuse.36 Based on our study results of declining age at menarche, Saudi girls may be at increased risk of these consequences in the future. Hence, exploration for any possible cause or risk factor that leads to earlier menarche is mandatory for appropriate preventive measures planning.
In conclusion, age at menarche among Saudi girls in Riyadh is comparable to age at menarche regionally and internationally with a secular trend toward a declining age at menarche. Our data suggest that growth parameters, mother’s education, and mother’s income has no effect on age at menarche. However, more studies on menarcheal age are needed to determine age at menarche and associated factors at other parts of KSA.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to Dr. Manhil Mohamedani, Dr. Fathia Alshaikh, and Ms. Doaa Nouh for their valuable contribution in data collection.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interest, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company. This study was funded by the King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Received September 10, 2015.
- Accepted September 22, 2015.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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