Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Saudi Medical Journal
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal
  • My alerts
  • Log in
Saudi Medical Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Follow psmmc on Twitter
  • Visit psmmc on Facebook
  • RSS
Review ArticleReview Article
Open Access

Clinical impact of bisphosphonates in root canal therapy

Mothanna K. AlRahabi and Hani M. Ghabbani
Saudi Medical Journal March 2018, 39 (3) 232-238; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.3.20923
Mothanna K. AlRahabi
From the College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah Al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
MSc, PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Hani M. Ghabbani
From the College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah Al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABE, Dip.FRCD(C)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. Reyes C,
    2. Hitz M,
    3. Prieto-Alhambra D,
    4. Abrahamsen B
    (2016) Risks and benefits of bisphosphonate therapies. J Cell Biochem 117:20–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Khajuria DK,
    2. Razdan R,
    3. Mahapatra DR
    (2011) Drugs for the management of osteoporosis: a review. Rev Bras Reumatol 51:379–382.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Hernlund E,
    2. Svedbom A,
    3. Ivergård M,
    4. Compston J,
    5. Cooper C,
    6. Stenmark J,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden: a report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos 8:136.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. ↵
    1. Compston J,
    2. Cooper A,
    3. Cooper C,
    4. Gittoes N,
    5. Gregson C,
    6. Harvey N,
    7. et al.
    (2017) UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos 12:43.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Jobke B,
    2. Milovanovic P,
    3. Amling M,
    4. Busse B
    (2014) Bisphosphonate-osteoclasts: changes in osteoclast morphology and function induced by antiresorptive nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate treatment in osteoporosis patients. Bone 59:37–43.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. ↵
    1. Sun Y,
    2. Chen L,
    3. Wu X,
    4. Ding Q
    (2017) Bifunctional bisphosphonate derivatives and platinum complexes with high affinity for bone hydroxyapatite. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 27:1070–1075.
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. McClung M,
    2. Harris ST,
    3. Miller PD,
    4. Bauer DC,
    5. Davison KS,
    6. Dian L,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: benefits, risks, and drug holiday. Am J Med 126:13–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Khan M,
    2. Cheung AM,
    3. Khan AA
    (2017) Drug-related adverse events of osteoporosis therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 46:181–192.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Popp A,
    2. Senn R,
    3. Curkovic I,
    4. Senn C,
    5. Buffat H,
    6. Popp P,
    7. et al.
    (2017) Factors associated with acute-phase response of bisphosphonate-naïve or pretreated women with osteoporosis receiving an intravenous first dose of zoledronate or ibandronate. Osteoporos Int 6:1995–2002.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    1. Sharma A,
    2. Chatterjee S,
    3. Arbab-Zadeh A,
    4. Goyal S,
    5. Lichstein E,
    6. Ghosh J,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Risk of serious atrial fibrillation and stroke with use of bisphosphonates: evidence from a meta-analysis. Chest Journal 144:1311–1122.
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Herrera L,
    2. Leal I,
    3. Lapi F,
    4. Schuemie M,
    5. Arcoraci V,
    6. Cipriani F,
    7. et al.
    (2015) Risk of atrial fibrillation among bisphosphonate users: a multicenter, population-based, Italian study. Osteoporos Int 26:1499.
    OpenUrl
  12. ↵
    1. Wright E,
    2. Schofield PT,
    3. Molokhia M
    (2015) Bisphosphonates and evidence for association with esophageal and gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 5:e007133.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    1. Vinogradova Y,
    2. Coupland C,
    3. Hippisley-Cox J
    (2013) Exposure to bisphosphonates and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: series of nested case-control studies with QResearch and CPRD data. BMJ 346:f114.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    1. Patel DV,
    2. Bolland M,
    3. Nisa Z,
    4. Al-Abuwsi F,
    5. Singh M,
    6. Horne A,
    7. et al.
    (2015) Incidence of ocular side effects with intravenous zoledronate: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 26:499–503.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Pirbhai A,
    2. Rajak SN,
    3. Goold LA,
    4. Cunneen TS,
    5. Wilcsek G,
    6. Martin P,
    7. et al.
    (2015) Bisphosphonate-induced orbital inflammation: a case series and review. Orbit 34:331–335.
    OpenUrl
  15. ↵
    1. Rappoport D,
    2. Leiba H
    (2017) Bisphosphonates and ocular inflammation. Harefuah 156:71–73.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Nogués X,
    2. Prieto-Alhambra D,
    3. Güerri-Fernández R,
    4. Garcia-Giralt N,
    5. Rodriguez-Morera J,
    6. Cos L,
    7. et al.
    (2017) Fracture during oral bisphosphonate therapy is associated with deteriorated bone material strength index. Bone 103:64–69.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Phillips HK,
    2. Harrison SJ,
    3. Akrawi H,
    4. Sidhom SA
    (2017) Retrospective review of patients with atypical bisphosphonate related proximal femoral fractures. Injury 48:1159–1164.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Sivolella S,
    2. Lumachi F,
    3. Stellini E,
    4. Favero L
    (2013) Denosumab and anti-angiogenetic drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: an uncommon but potentially severe disease. Anticancer Res 33:1793–1797.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    1. Fung P,
    2. Bedogni G,
    3. Bedogni A,
    4. Petrie A,
    5. Porter S,
    6. Campisi G,
    7. et al.
    (2017) Time to onset of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Oral Dis 23:477–483.
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    1. Ruggiero SL,
    2. Dodson TB,
    3. Fantasia J,
    4. Goodday R,
    5. Aghaloo T,
    6. Mehrotra B,
    7. et al.
    (2014) American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72:1938–1956.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. López-Cedrún J,
    2. Sanromán J,
    3. García A,
    4. Peñarrocha M,
    5. Feijoo J,
    6. Limeres J,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Oral bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in dental implant patients: a case series. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51:874–879.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Soydan SS,
    2. Uckan S
    (2014) Management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with a platelet-rich fibrin membrane: technical report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72:322–326.
    OpenUrl
  23. ↵
    1. Williams DW,
    2. Lee C,
    3. Kim T,
    4. Yagita H,
    5. Wu H,
    6. Park S,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Impaired bone resorption and woven bone formation are associated with development of osteonecrosis of the jaw-like lesions by bisphosphonate and anti–receptor activator of NF-kB ligand antibody in mice. Am J Pathol 184:3084–3093.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Sharma D,
    2. Ivanovski S,
    3. Slevin M,
    4. Hamlet S,
    5. Pop TS,
    6. Brinzaniuc K,
    7. et al.
    (2013) Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of jaw (BRONJ): diagnostic criteria and possible pathogenic mechanisms of an unexpected anti-angiogenic side effect. Vasc Cell 5:1.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Yoshiga D,
    2. Nakamichi I,
    3. Yamashita Y,
    4. Yamamoto N,
    5. Yamauchi K,
    6. Nogami S,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Prognosis factors in the treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - prognostic factors in the treatment of BRONJ. J Clin Exp Dent 6:e22–e28.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Grisar K,
    2. Schol M,
    3. Schoenaers J,
    4. Dormaar T,
    5. Coropciuc R,
    6. Vander Poorten V,
    7. et al.
    (2016) Osteoradionecrosis and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: similarities and differences. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45:1592–1599.
    OpenUrl
  27. ↵
    1. Thumbigere-Math V,
    2. Michalowicz BS,
    3. Hodges JS,
    4. Tsai ML,
    5. SInson KK,
    6. RockIll L,
    7. et al.
    (2014) Periodontal disease as a risk factor for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Periodontol 85:226–233.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    1. Khan AA,
    2. Morrison A,
    3. Hanley DA,
    4. Felsenberg D,
    5. McCauley LK,
    6. O'Ryan F,
    7. et al.
    (2015) Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: a systematic review and international consensus. J Bone Miner Res 30:3–23.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Lu SY,
    2. Liang CC,
    3. Lin LH
    (2014) Retrospective analysis of 27 cases of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw treated surgically or nonsurgically. J Dent Sci 9:185–194.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. Zadik Y,
    2. Benoliel R,
    3. Fleissig Y,
    4. Casap N
    (2012) Painful trigeminal neuropathy induced by oral bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a new etiology for the numb-chin syndrome. Quintessence Int 43:97–104.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Thayer M
    (2017) Radiographic evidence of treatment with bisphosphonates. British Dental Journal 222:507.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Rosella D,
    2. Papi P,
    3. Giardino R,
    4. Cicalini E,
    5. Piccoli L,
    6. Pompa G
    (2016) edication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Clinical and practical guidelines. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 6:97.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Belibasakis G,
    2. Rechenberg D,
    3. Zehnder M
    (2013) The receptor activator of NF-kB ligand-osteoprotegerin system in pulpal and periapical disease. Int Endod J 46:99–111.
    OpenUrl
  34. ↵
    1. Aw V
    (2016) Discuss the role of microorganisms in the aetiology and pathogenesis of periapical disease. Aust Endod J 42:53–59.
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    1. Martins VL,
    2. Caley M,
    3. O'Toole EA
    (2013) Matrix metalloproteinases and epidermal wound repair. Cell Tissue Res 351:255–268.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. ↵
    1. Ricucci D,
    2. Siqueira JF,
    3. Loghin S,
    4. Lin LM
    (2014) Repair of extensive apical root resorption associated with apical periodontitis: radiographic and histologic observations after 25 years. J Endod 40:1268–1274.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Hsiao A,
    2. Glickman G,
    3. He J
    (2009) A retrospective clinical and radiographic study on healing of periradicular lesions in patients taking oral bisphosphonates. J Endod 35:1525–1528.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  38. ↵
    1. Song M,
    2. Alshaikh A,
    3. Kim T,
    4. Kim S,
    5. Dang M,
    6. Mehrazarin S,
    7. et al.
    (2016) Preexisting periapical inflammatory condition exacerbates tooth extraction–induced bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw lesions in mice. J Endod 42:1641–1646.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Gupta S,
    2. Gupta H,
    3. Mandhyan D,
    4. Srivastava S
    (2013) Bisphophonates related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 4:151.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. ↵
    1. Kyrgidis A,
    2. Arora A,
    3. Lyroudia K,
    4. Antoniades K
    (2010) Root canal therapy for the prevention of osteonecrosis of the jaws: An evidence-based clinical update. Aust Endod J 36:130–133.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  41. ↵
    1. Aminoshariae A,
    2. Kulild JC,
    3. Mickel A,
    4. Fouad AF
    (2017) Association between Systemic Diseases and Endodontic Outcome: A Systematic Review. J Endod 43:514–519.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    1. Dereci Ö,
    2. Orhan EO,
    3. Irmak Ö,
    4. Ay S
    (2016) The effect of the duration of intravenous zolendronate medication on the success of non-surgical endodontic therapy: a retrospective study. Bmc Oral Health 16:6–9.
    OpenUrl
  43. ↵
    1. Tardast A,
    2. Sjöman R,
    3. Løes S,
    4. Abtahi J
    (2015) Bisphosphonate associated osteomyelitis of the jaw in patients with bony exposure: prevention, a new way of thinking. J Appl Oral Sci 23:310–314.
    OpenUrl
  44. ↵
    1. Gallego L,
    2. Junquera L,
    3. Pelaz A,
    4. Díaz-Bobes C
    (2011) Rubber dam clamp trauma during endodontic treatment: a risk factor of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69:e93–e95.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  45. ↵
    1. Patel S,
    2. Saberi N
    (2015) External cervical resorption associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a case series. J Endod 41:742–748.
    OpenUrl
  46. ↵
    1. Putranto R,
    2. Oba Y,
    3. Kaneko K,
    4. Shioyasono A,
    5. Moriyama K
    (2008) Effects of bisphosphonates on root resorption and cytokine expression during experimental tooth movement in rats. Orthodontic Waves 67:141–149.
    OpenUrl
  47. ↵
    1. Najeeb S,
    2. Siddiqui F,
    3. Khurshid Z,
    4. Zohaib S,
    5. Zafar MS,
    6. Ansari SA
    (2017) Effect of bisphosphonates on root resorption after tooth replantation. A systematic review. Dent Traumatol 33:77–83.
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. Martins CA,
    2. Leyhausen G,
    3. Volk J,
    4. Geurtsen W
    (2015) Effects of alendronate on osteoclast formation and activity in vitro. J Endod 41:45–49.
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Alrahabi MK,
    2. Ali MM
    (2014) Root canal revascularization. Saudi Med J 35:429–434.
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Lhb KMH
    1. Parm M
    (2016) in Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, Case selection and treatment planning, ed Lhb KMH (Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam), 11th ed, pp 71–89.
  51. ↵
    1. Choi SE,
    2. Kim HS
    (2012) Sodium bicarbonate solution versus chlorhexidine mouthwash in oral care of acute leukemia patients undergoing induction chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Nurs Res 6:60–66.
    OpenUrl
  52. ↵
    1. Fedele S,
    2. Kumar N,
    3. Davies R,
    4. Fiske J,
    5. Greening S,
    6. Porter S
    (2009) Dental management of patients at risk of osteochemonecrosis of the jaws: a critical review. Oral Diseases 15:527–537.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    1. Zhang X,
    2. Hamadeh IS,
    3. Song S,
    4. Katz J,
    5. Moreb JS,
    6. Langaee TY,
    7. et al.
    (2016) Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in the United States Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). J Bone Miner Res 31:336–340.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  54. ↵
    1. Hargreaves K
    1. Peters O.A,
    2. Cip B
    (2011) Basrani Cleaning and Shaping of the Root Canal System. in Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, ed Hargreaves K (Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam), 11th ed, 209–79.
  55. ↵
    1. Connert T,
    2. Judenhofer MS,
    3. Hülber JM,
    4. Schell S,
    5. Mannheim JG,
    6. Pichler BJ,
    7. et al.
    (2018) Evaluation of the accuracy of nine electronic apex locators by using Micro-CT. International Endodontic Journal 51:223–232.
    OpenUrl
  56. ↵
    1. Bürklein S,
    2. Schäfer E
    (2012) Apically extruded debris with reciprocating single-file and full-sequence rotary instrumentation systems. J Endod 38:850–852.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  57. ↵
    1. Vivekanandhan P,
    2. Subbiya A,
    3. Mitthra S,
    4. Karthick A
    (2016) Comparison of apical debris extrusion of two rotary systems and one reciprocating system. Journal of Conservative Dentistry 19:245.
    OpenUrl
  58. ↵
    1. Scelza M,
    2. Linhares A,
    3. Da Silva L,
    4. Granjeiro J,
    5. Alves G
    (2012) A multiparametric assay to compare the cytotoxicity of endodontic sealers with primary human osteoblasts. Int Endod J 45:12–18.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  59. ↵
    1. Moeller L,
    2. Wenzel A,
    3. Wegge-Larsen A,
    4. Ding M,
    5. Kirkevang L
    (2013) Quality of root fillings performed with two root filling techniques. An in vitro study using micro-CT. Acta Odontol Scand 71:689–696.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. Adler RA,
    2. El-Hajj Fuleihan G,
    3. Bauer DC,
    4. Camacho PM,
    5. Clarke BL,
    6. Clines GA,
    7. et al.
    (2016) Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 31:16–35.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  61. ↵
    1. Katz H
    (2005) Endodontic implications of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: a report of three cases. J Endod 31:831–834.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  62. ↵
    1. Bermúdez-Bejarano EB,
    2. Serrera-Figallo MÁ,
    3. Gutiérrez-Corrales A,
    4. Romero-Ruiz MM,
    5. Castillo-de-Oyagüe R,
    6. Gutiérrez-Pérez JL,
    7. et al.
    (2017) Prophylaxis and antibiotic therapy in management protocols of patients treated with oral and intravenous bisphosphonates. J Clin Exp Dent 9:e141.
    OpenUrl
  63. ↵
    1. The American Association of Endodontists
    (2017) AAE Position Statement AAE Guidance on the use of systemic antibiotics in endodontics. J Endod 43:1409–1413.
    OpenUrl
    1. Latifyan S,
    2. Genot M,
    3. Klastersky J
    (2016) Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of the potential efficacy of low-level laser therapy. Supportive Care Cancer 24:3687–3693.
    OpenUrl
    1. Ristow O,
    2. Otto S,
    3. Troeltzsch M,
    4. Hohlweg-Majert B,
    5. Pautke C
    (2015) Treatment perspectives for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). J Craniomaxillofac Surg 43:290–293.
    OpenUrl
    1. Rugani P,
    2. Acham S,
    3. Kirnbauer B,
    4. Truschnegg A,
    5. Obermayer-Pietsch B,
    6. Jakse N
    (2015) Stage-related treatment concept of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw--a case series. Clin Oral Investig 19:1329.
    OpenUrl
    1. Pompa G,
    2. Bignozzi I,
    3. Cristalli M,
    4. Quaranta A,
    5. Di Carlo S,
    6. Annibali S
    (2012) Bisphosphonate and osteonecrosis of the jaw: The oral surgeon's perspective (SAGE Publications Sage, London (UK)).
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Saudi Medical Journal: 39 (3)
Saudi Medical Journal
Vol. 39, Issue 3
1 Mar 2018
  • Table of Contents
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Saudi Medical Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Clinical impact of bisphosphonates in root canal therapy
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Saudi Medical Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Saudi Medical Journal web site.
Citation Tools
Clinical impact of bisphosphonates in root canal therapy
Mothanna K. AlRahabi, Hani M. Ghabbani
Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2018, 39 (3) 232-238; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.3.20923

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Clinical impact of bisphosphonates in root canal therapy
Mothanna K. AlRahabi, Hani M. Ghabbani
Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2018, 39 (3) 232-238; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.3.20923
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Root canal treatment in elderly patients: A review and clinical considerations
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Harnessing artificial intelligence for infection control and prevention in hospitals
  • Effects of antidiabetic drugs on the level of serum uric acid in patients who have type 2 diabetes
  • The future of personalized medicine in Saudi Arabia
Show more Review Article

Similar Articles

CONTENT

  • home

JOURNAL

  • home

AUTHORS

  • home
Saudi Medical Journal

© 2025 Saudi Medical Journal Saudi Medical Journal is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention.  Saudi Medical Journal is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3175. Print ISSN 0379-5284.

Powered by HighWire