Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant patients visiting National Guard primary health care centers in Saudi Arabia

References

1. ↵
   1. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes:standards of medical care in diabetes-2019

   (2019) Diabetes Care 42:S13–S28.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
2. ↵
   1. Bankowski BJ,
   2. Hearne AE,
   3. Lambrou N,
   4. Fox HE,
   5. Wallach E

   1. Foley C,
   2. Kalro BN

   (2007) in The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics, eds Bankowski BJ, Hearne AE, Lambrou N, Fox HE, Wallach E (Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia (PA)), 3rd ed, p 631.
3. ↵
   1. Pfeifer SM

   , ed (2012) Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Medical Series for Independent Study (Lippincott Williams &Wilkins Health, Philadelphia (PA)), 7th ed, p 522.
4. ↵
   1. Pu J,
   2. Zhao B,
   3. Wang EJ,
   4. Nimbal V,
   5. Osmundson S,
   6. Kunz L,
   7. et al.

   (2015) Racial/ethnic differences in gestational diabetes prevalence and contribution of common risk factors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 29:436–443.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Penfield CA,
   2. Pilliod RA,
   3. Esakoff TF,
   4. Valent AM,
   5. Caughey AB

   (2016) Adolescent maternal age is associated with increased risk of perinatal complications in gravidas with gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 214:S324–S325.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Damm P,
   2. Houshmand-Oeregaard A,
   3. Kelstrup L,
   4. Lauenborg J,
   5. Mathiesen ER,
   6. Clausen TD

   (2016) Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring:a view from Denmark. Diabetologia 59:1396–1399.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. ↵
   1. International Diabetes Federation

   IDF Diabetes Atlas 7th Edition (2015), [Updated 2019. Cited 2019 June 24], Available from URL: https://www.idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas/13-diabetes-atlas-seventh-edition.html.
8. ↵
   1. Metzger BE,
   2. Gabbe SG,
   3. Persson B,
   4. Buchanan TA,
   5. Catalano PA,
   6. Damm P,
   7. et al.

   (2010) International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33:676–682.

   OpenUrlFREE Full Text
9. ↵
   1. McIntyre HD,
   2. Colagiuri S,
   3. Roglic G,
   4. Hod M

   (2015) Diagnosis of GDM:a suggested consensus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 29:194–205.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Hadden DR

    (1998) A historical perspective on gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 21(Suppl 2):B3–B4.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Carrington ER,
    2. Shuman CR,
    3. Reardon HS

    (1957) Evaluation of the prediabetic state during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 9:664–669.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. ↵
    1. World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy:a World Health Organization Guideline

    (2014) Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103:341–363.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
13. ↵
    1. O'Sullivan EP,
    2. Avalos G,
    3. O'Reilly M,
    4. Dennedy MC,
    5. Gaffney G,
    6. Dunne FP

    (2012) Atlantic DIP:the prevalence and consequences of gestational diabetes in Ireland. Irish Medical Journal 105:13–15.

    OpenUrlPubMed
14. 1. Lamberg S,
    2. Raitanen J,
    3. Rissanen P,
    4. Luoto R

    (2012) Prevalence and regional differences of gestational diabetes mellitus and oral glucose tolerance tests in Finland. Eur J Public Health 22:278–280.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
15. 1. DeSisto CL,
    2. Kim SY,
    3. Sharma AJ

    (2014) Prevalence estimates of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2007-2010. Prev Chronic Dis 11:E104.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
16. 1. Chamberlain C,
    2. Joshy G,
    3. Li H,
    4. Oats J,
    5. Eades S,
    6. Banks E

    (2015) The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in Australia:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 31:234–247.

    OpenUrl
17. 1. Pedersen ML,
    2. Jacobsen JL,
    3. Jorgensen ME

    (2010) Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women born in Greenland:measuring the effectiveness of the current screening procedure. Int J Circumpolar Health 69:352–360.

    OpenUrlPubMed
18. 1. Huy C,
    2. Loerbroks A,
    3. Hornemann A,
    4. Rohrig S,
    5. Schneider S

    (2012) Prevalence, Trend and Determining Factors of Gestational Diabetes in Germany. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 72:311–315.

    OpenUrl
19. 1. Collier A,
    2. Abraham EC,
    3. Armstrong J,
    4. Godwin J,
    5. Monteath K,
    6. Lindsay R

    (2017) Reported prevalence of gestational diabetes in Scotland:The relationship with obesity, age, socioeconomic status, smoking and macrosomia, and how many are we missing? J Diabetes Investig 8:161–167.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Ignell C,
    2. Claesson R,
    3. Anderberg E,
    4. Berntorp K

    (2014) Trends in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in southern Sweden, 2003-2012. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 93:420–424.

    OpenUrlPubMed
21. ↵
    1. Kun A,
    2. Tornoczky J,
    3. Tabak AG

    (2011) The prevalence and predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Hungary. Horm Metab Res 43:788–793.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. ↵
    1. Gopalakrishnan V,
    2. Singh R,
    3. Pradeep Y,
    4. Kapoor D,
    5. Rani AK,
    6. Pradhan S,
    7. et al.

    (2015) Evaluation of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in North Indians using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study groups (IADPSG) criteria. J Postgrad Med 61:155–158.

    OpenUrl
23. 1. Jafari-Shobeiri M,
    2. Ghojazadeh M,
    3. Azami-Aghdash S,
    4. Naghavi-Behzad M,
    5. Piri R,
    6. Pourali-Akbar Y,
    7. et al.

    (2015) Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes in Iran:a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health 44:1036–1044.

    OpenUrl
24. 1. Leng J,
    2. Shao P,
    3. Zhang C,
    4. Tian H,
    5. Zhang F,
    6. Zhang S,
    7. et al.

    (2015) Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Chinese pregnant women:a prospective population-based study in Tianjin, China. PloS One 10:e0121029.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
25. 1. Moradi S,
    2. Shafieepour MR,
    3. Mortazavi M,
    4. Pishgar F

    (2015) Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Rafsanjan:a comparison of different criteria. Med J Islam Repub Iran 29:209.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Jesmin S,
    2. Akter S,
    3. Akashi H,
    4. Al-Mamun A,
    5. Rahman MA,
    6. Islam MM,
    7. et al.

    (2014) Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus and its prevalence in Bangladesh. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103:57–62.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
27. ↵
    1. Abu-Heija AT,
    2. Al-Bash M,
    3. Mathew M

    (2015) Gestational and pregestational diabetes mellitus in Omani women:comparison of obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 15:e496–e500.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Al Mahroos S,
    2. Nagalla DS,
    3. Yousif W,
    4. Sanad H

    (2005) A population-based screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in non-diabetic women in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med 25:129–133.

    OpenUrlPubMed
29. ↵
    1. Zhang C,
    2. Li Y,
    3. Wang L,
    4. Sun S,
    5. Liu G,
    6. Leng J,
    7. et al.

    (2015) Blood group AB is protective factor for gestational diabetes mellitus:a prospective population-based study in Tianjin, China. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 31:627–637.

    OpenUrl
30. 1. Arnold DL,
    2. Enquobahrie DA,
    3. Qiu C,
    4. Huang J,
    5. Grote N,
    6. VanderStoep A,
    7. et al.

    (2015) Early pregnancy maternal vitamin D concentrations and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 29:200–210.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Makgoba M,
    2. Savvidou MD,
    3. Steer PJ

    (2012) An analysis of the interrelationship between maternal age, body mass index and racial origin in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. BJOG 119:276–282.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed