Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Therapeutic effects of syringaldehyde on spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

Ümit A. Malçok, Adem B. Aras, Müşerref H. Şehitoğlu, Tarık Akman and Yasemin Yüksel
Saudi Medical Journal April 2020, 41 (4) 341-350; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2020.4.24993

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Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Representative images of the spinal cords stained with hematoxylin and eosin (x200, scale bar = 50 µm). Normal neurons exhibited a fine basophilic granular cytoplasm with Nissl body. Dead or degenerated neurons were defined by the presence of cytoplasmic shrinkage and eosinophilic cytoplasm and loss of Nissl body. A) Control group: showing normal structure and viable motor neurons; B) spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SCI/R) group: showing increase in degenerated motor neurons; C) syringaldehyde-treated SCI/R group showing less degeneration in motor neurons. Asterisks show hemorrhage. Arrows refer to degenerated motor neurons. Hollow arrows show slightly degenerated motor neurons.

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Representative images of spinal cord sections stained with Cresyl violet (x200, scale bar = 50 µm). A) Control group, viable neurons showing regular nuclei and cytoplasm; B) SCI/R group, showing degenerated motor neurons (arrows); C)syringaldehyde-treated group, showing less affected degenerated neurons from the spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SCI/R).

  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    Representative images of caspase-3 immunostaining of spinal cords (x200, scale bar=50 µm). A) In the control group, few neurons revealed caspase-3-positive staining. B) In the spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SCI/R) group, increased number of caspase-3 positivity was observed in the motor neurons. C) Caspase-3 positivity was visible in some neurons in the syringaldehyde-treated group after ischemia, but the number of caspase-3-positive cells was lower than that in SCI/R the group. Arrows refer to caspase-3-positive staining in the motor neurons in the gray matter.

  • Figure 4
    Figure 4

    Representative images of sections stained with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) primary antibody (x200, scale bar = 50 µm). A) In control group, a little or no positivity was observed in motor neurons. B) In the spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SCI/R) group, most of motor neurons showed NF-κB positivity. C) In the syringaldehyde-treated ischemia group, a decreased number of immunopositivity than the SCI/R group was observed. Arrows refer to NF-κB-positive staining in motor neurons.

  • Figure 5
    Figure 5

    Representative images of sections immunostained with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) primary antibody (x200, scale bar = 50 µm). A) Control group showed a few nNOS-positive-stained motor neurons. B) Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SCI/R) group showed strong nNOS positivity in degenerated motor neurons. C) Syringaldehyde-treated ischemia group showed decrease in nNOS expression compared with SCI/R group. Arrows refer to nNOS-positive-stained motor neurons.

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