Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology flow-chart.
- Figure 1
- SThe risk prediction model is able to discriminate preterm neonates with and without early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS)(area under the curve: 0.968, 95% confidence interval: 0.936-1.000, p<0.05; sensitivity: 90.8%; specificity: 97.8%;). ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve; EONS, early-onset neonatal sepsis.
Tables
Characteristic EONS Non-EONS Statistical value P-value Gender Male 36 (55.4) 50 (54.9) 0.003 0.957 Female 29 (44.6) 41 (45.1) Multiple gestation birth No 45 (69.2) 76 (83.5) 4.447 0.035 Yes 20 (30.8) 15 (16.5) Natural delivery or cesarean section Natural delivery 43 (66.2) 76 (83.5) 6.318 0.012 Cesarean section 22 (33.8) 15 (16.5) Gestational age, week 31.6 (29.9, 33.9) 34 (33.0, 35.1) -4.959 <0.001 Age of mother, y 31 (29, 34) 31 (28, 34) -0.197 0.884 Birth weight, g 1640 (1230, 1948) 2140 (1890, 2420) -5.932 <0.001 Apgar score at 1 min 7 (6, 9) 10 (9, 10) -6.945 <0.001 Apgar score at 5 min 10 (9, 10) 10 (10,10) -6.482 <0.001 WBC count, ×103/μL 7.2 (5.1, 11.2) 10.7 (8.7, 12.8) -4.095 <0.001 NEU count, ×103/μL 3.6 (1.8, 7.6) 5.1 (3.9, 7.4) -2.615 0.009 LYM count, ×103/μL 2.1 (1.35, 3.15) 3.5 (2.7, 4.2) -5.529 <0.001 N/L count 1.8 (1.1, 3.8) 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) -1.607 0.108 PLT count, ×103/μL 180.0 (124.5, 231.0) 250.0 (216.0, 285.0) -6.005 <0.001 CRP level, mg/L 10.4 (3.0, 27.6) 3.1 (2.0, 3.1) -5.67 <0.001 PCT level, ng/ml 2.5 (0.5, 11.7) 0.2 (0.1,0.3) -8.476 <0.001 IL-6 level, pg/ml 56.4 (23.0, 720.3) 11.26 (5.3, 15.2) -8.405 <0.001 RET count, ×106/μL 229 (177, 270) 242 (200, 280) -0.727 0.467 ↵a Data are presented as n (%) or median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). EONS: early-onset neonatal sepsis, WBC: white blood cell, NEU: neutrophil, LYM: lymphocyte, N/L: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLT: platelet, CRP: C-reactive protein, PCT: procalcitonin, IL-6: interleukin-6, RET: reticulocyte
- Table 2
- Results of univariate logistic analysis of predictors for EONS in preterm infants.
Variable Odds ratio (95% CI) β oefficient P-value Gender 0.982 (0.518, 1.863) -0.018 0.957 Multiple gestation birth 2.252 (1.049, 4.836) 0.812 0.037 Natural delivery or cesarean section 2.592 (1.218, 5.517) 0.953 0.013 Gestational age 0.640 (0.535, 0.765) -0.447 <0.001 Age of mother 1.030 (0.951, 1.115) 0.03 0.465 Birth weight 0.998 (0.997, 0.999) -0.002 <0.001 Apgar score at 1 min 0.397 (0.292, 0.539) -0.924 <0.001 Apgar score at 5 min 0.060 (0.017, 0.210) -2.807 <0.001 WBC count 0.956 (0.897, 1.019) -0.045 0.165 NEU count 1.016 (0.947, 1.091) 0.016 0.653 LYM count 0.516 (0.388, 0.687) -0.662 <0.001 N/L 1.334 (1.100, 1.618) 0.288 0.003 PLT count 0.981 (0.974, 0.988) -0.019 <0.001 CRP level 1.724 (1.236, 2.405) 0.545 0.001 PCT level 21.619 (5.743, 81.383) 3.074 <0.001 IL-6 level 1.065 (1.032, 1.099) 0.063 <0.001 RET count 0.999 (0.994, 1.003) -0.001 0.532 CI: confidence interval, EONS: early-onset neonatal sepsis, BW: birth weight, WBC: white blood cell, NEU: neutrophil, LYM: lymphocyte, N/L: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLT: platelet, CRP: C-reactive protein, PCT: procalcitonin, IL-6: interleukin-6, RET: reticulocyte
- Table 3
- Results of multivariate logistic analysis of variables for predicting EONS in preterm infants.*
Characteristic Adjusted OR (95% CI) β Coefficient P-value Apgar score at 5 minutes 0.038 (0.005, 0.302) -3.270 0.002 CRP level 4.039 (1.251, 13.033) 1.396 0.020 PCT level 30.244 (3.349, 273.116) 3.409 0.002 IL-6 level 1.034 (1.005, 1.064) 0.034 0.021 Intercept 24.280 0.013 ↵* All variables identified by univariate logistic analysis (p<0.10) were tested using the backward exclusion method. In the multivariable model, the covariate with a p>0.05 was gradually removed separately from the covariate with the highest P-value. To identify other remaining potential confounders, if the effect value of any other predictor changed by 10%, all deleted variables were added separately to the multivariate model and were retained in the model. OR: odd ratio, CI: confidence interval EONS: early-onset neonatal sepsis, PLT: platelet, CRP: C-reactive protein, PCT: procalcitonin, IL-6: interleukin-6
Pathogen Number of cases (n=65) Proportion (%) Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis 3 (4.6) Staphylococcus aureus 3 (4.6) Enterococcus faecium 3 (4.6) Listeria monocytogenes 2 (3.1) Bradylosis streptococcus 2 (3.1) Staphylococcus hemolyticus 2 (3.1) Streptococcus agalactiae 2 (3.1) Streptococcus vitifolia 1 (1.5) Staphylococcus hominis 1 (1.5) Staphylococcus capitis 1 (1.5) Streptococcus oralis 1 (1.5) Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae 23 (35.4) Escherichia coli 14 (21.5) Enterobacter cloacae 1 (1.5) Pseudomonas malodora 1 (1.5) Morganella morganii 1 (1.5) Ralstonia pili 1 (1.5) Fungus Candida glabrata 2 (3.1) Candida albicans 1 (1.5)
