Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the intersection values of the right and left handgrip tests in determining those without the probability of fall risk.
Tables
Characteristics Total No Yes Med ± SD (min-max) Med ± SD Min-Max (median) Med±SD Min-Max (median) P-value Age 72.3 ± 11.2 (43-97) 69.3 ± 10.7 43-92 (67.5) 74.9±11.1 43-97 (77) 0.008 Height 164.1 ± 10.6 (145-188) 166.4 ± 11.2 146-188 (167) 160.8±9.1 145-175 (160) 0.146 Weight 74.9 ± 21.0 (27-130) 75.0 ± 18.6 40-116 (80) 74.7±24.9 27-130 (70) 0.968 Body mass index 28.2 ± 6.5 (12.8-56.4) 28.7 ± 6.6 16.6-56.4 (27.8) 27.8±6.4 12.8-48.3 (27.5) 0.477 Gender Male 47 (42.0) 34 65.4 13 21.7 <0.001 Female 65 (58.0) 18 34.6 47 78.3 Educational level Primary education 64 (57.1) 25 48.1 39 65.0 0.066 Secondary education 31 (27.7) 15 28.8 16 26.7 University 17 (15.2) 12 23.1 5 8.3 Marital status Single 31 (27.7) 18 34.6 13 21.7 0.293 Widow(er) 41 (36.6) 18 34.6 23 38.3 Married 40 (35.7) 16 30.8 24 40.0 Spouse status Separated 35 (31.3) 16 30.8 19 31.7 0.246 Together 16 (14.3) 10 19.2 6 10.0 Not married 24 (21.4) 13 25.0 11 18.3 Deceased 37 (33.0) 13 25.0 24 40.0 Additional disease Diabetes mellitus 22 (19.6) 10 19.2 12 20.0 0.919 Hypertension 28 (25.0) 13 25.0 15 25.0 1.000 Cardiac disease 12 (10.7) 5 9.6 7 11.7 0.726 Bronchial asthma-COPD 10 (8.9) 3 5.8 7 11.7 0.334 Hypothyroidism 2 (1.8) 0 0.0 2 3.3 0.498 Hyperthyroidism 2 (1.8) 0 0.0 2 3.3 0.498 Hypercholesterolemia 1 (0.9) 0 0.0 1 1.7 1.000 Arthritis 1 (0.9) 0 0.0 1 1.7 1.000 Renal insufficiency 1 (0.9) 1 1.9 0 0.0 0.464 Depression 3 (2.7) 2 3.8 1 1.7 0.596 Osteoporosis 5 (4.5) 3 5.8 2 3.3 0.662 Cancer 3 (2.7) 3 5.8 0 0.0 0.097 Other 3 (2.7) 2 3.8 1 1.7 0.596 Number of additional disease None 30 (26.8) 15 28.8 15 25.0 0.848 One 72 (64.3) 33 63.5 39 65.0 Two or three 10 (8.9) 4 7.7 6 10.0 Values are presented as number and percentages (%). COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Total No Yes Test Med.±SD (Min-Max) Med±SD Min-Max (median) Med±SD Min-Max (median) P-value Annual number of falls 15.9±8.0 (0-33) 0.29±0.46 0-1 (0) 0.92±1.48 0-10 (1) 0.001 Mini Mental Test 13.6±5.8 (0-26) 18.2±6.8 0-33 (18) 13.9±8.5 0-30 (14.5) 0.009 Geriatric Depression Scale 2.74±2.87 (0-8) 13.4±4.4 0-22 (13) 13.7±6.9 0-26 (15) 0.241 Lawton-Brody Scale 0.63±1.16 (0-10) 3.81±3.04 0-8 (4) 1.82±2.38 0-8 (1) 0.001 6 meter stand up and walk test 18.9±13.4 (5-63) 14.6±10.1 5-60 (12) 22.6±14.8 8-63 (17.5) <0.001 Right handgrip 15.3±9.9 (0.5-48) 21.7±9.0 10-48 (20) 9.7±6.7 0.5-32 (10) <0.001 Left handgrip 14.5±9.8 (0.5-50) 20.9±9.5 8-50 (19) 8.9±6.1 0.5-30 (8) <0.001 Right key pinch 4.78±2.28 (0.5-12.5) 6.09±2.13 3-12.5 (5.25) 3.64±1.74 0.5-10.5 (3.75) <0.001 Left key pinch 4.43±2.13 (0.5-12.5) 5.59±2.27 1-12.5 (5) 3.42±1.37 0.5-8 (3.25) <0.001 Falls Efficacy Scale 42.7±27.1 (10-96) 18.1±9.9 10-51 (14) 64.1±17.4 15-96 (65.5) <0.001 Characteristics Mean ± SD Min-Max (median) P-value Gender Male 29.6 ± 22.5 10-80 (18) <0.001 Female 52.2 ± 26.4 10-96 (55) Educational level Primary education 44.4 ± 26.9 10-92 (49.5) 0.211 Secondary education 45.7 ± 27.9 10-96 (42) University 31.1 ± 25.0 10-80 (19) Marital status Single 31.4 ± 24.6 10-88 (19) 0.008 Widow(er) 47.1 ± 27.4 10-96 (52) Married 46.9 ± 26.9 10–93 (50) Spouse status Separated 44.6 ± 28.3 10-93 (53) 0.067 Together 35.9 ± 25.6 10-84 (28) Not married 33.4 ± 25.6 10-88 (24.5) Deceased 49.9 ± 26.2 10-96 (54) Number of additional diseases None 37.1 ± 26.8 10-90 (29) 0.303 One 44.2 ± 27.2 10-96 (46.5) Two or three 48.9 ± 27.7 15-85 (50) Single versus (vs.) widow(er): p=0.004, single vs. married: p=0.011, widow(er) vs. married: p=0.821
- Table 4
- Correlation between 6-meter stand up and walk test and upper extremity muscle strength tests.
Test r P-value Right handgrip −0.526 <0.001 Left handgrip −0.457 <0.001 Right key pinch −0.494 <0.001 Left key pinch −0.423 <0.001 - Table 5
- Falling risk factors, multivariate regression analysis, modeling, and backward method.
Variables P-value OR 95% CI Enter method Age 0.839 0.993 0.928–1.062 Gender 0.624 1.445 0.331–6.306 Educational level 0.352 1.569 0.607–4.052 Spouse status 0.722 1.101 0.648–1.869 Mini-mental test 0.459 0.961 0.863–1.069 Geriatric Depression Scale 0.654 1.028 0.911–1.160 Lawton–Brody scale 0.911 0.987 0.781–1.247 Annual number of falls 0.005 5.119 1.647–15.907 6-meter stand up and walk test 0.201 1.040 0.979–1.104 Right handgrip 0.332 0.922 0.783–1.086 Left handgrip 0.109 0.870 0.733–1.032 Right key pinch 0.434 0.761 0.384–1.508 Left key pinch 0.831 1.083 0.522–2.246 Backward method Annual number of falls 0.004 4.190 1.591–11.035 Right handgrip 0.022 0.865 0.764–0.979 Left handgrip 0.049 0.877 0.770–0.999
