The association between diabetes numeracy and diabetes self-management among Saudi adults with insulin-treated diabetes

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

- Characteristics of study sample (n=279).

Characteristics	n (%)
Age (years)
<30	176 (63.1)
31-45	43 (15.4)
>45	60 (21.5)
Gender
Male	115 (41.2)
Female	164 (58.8)
Level of education
Primary	14 (5.0)
Intermediate	16 (5.7)
Secondary	108 (38.7)
College	132 (47.3)
Higher than college	9 (3.2)
Social status
Married	103 (36.9)
Single	160 (57.3)
Divorced	9 (3.2)
Widowed	7 (2.5)
Monthly income (SAR)
<5000	150 (53.8)
5000 to 1000	58 (20.8)
<10000 to 15000	44 (15.8)
<15000 to 20000	18 (6.5)
<20000	9 (3.2)
Type of diabetes
Type I	203 (72.8)
Type II	76 (27.2)
Type of treatment
Insulin only	187 (67.0)
Insulin with oral medications	92 (33.0)
Duration of diabetes diagnosis (years)
<4	60 (21.5)
4 to 10	95 (34.1)
>10	124 (44.4)
DKS score
>50%	51 (18.3)
<50%	228 (81.7)
Hemoglobin A1c level, mean±SD	9.28±2.35

Table 2

- DSMQ scores* (n = 279).

Scales	Minimum score	Maximum score	Mean	Std. Deviation	Median, (IQR)^**
Sum-scale	2.2	9.7	6.47	1.46	6.4 (5.4-7.7)
Diet	0.8	10	5.38	2.21	5.0 (4.1-6.6)
Glucose management	0.4	10	6.74	2.12	6.6 (5.3-8.6)
Physical activity	1.1	10	6.42	2.15	6.6 (5.5-7.7)
Health-care use	3.3	10	7.63	1.87	7.7 (6.6-8.8)

Table 3

- Characteristics of study sample by DSMQ* score (n=279)

Characteristics	Mean	P-value
Age (years)		0.72
<30	6.33
31-45	6.54
>45	6.82
Gender	6.47	0.975
Male	6.47
Female
Level of education	7.3	0.029
Primary	6.82
Intermediate	6.18
Secondary	6.55
College	6.81
Higher than college
Social status	6.67	0.068
Married	6.33
Single	7.16
Divorced	5.77
Widowed
Monthly income (SAR)	6.24	0.026
<5000	6.63
5000 to 1000	6.65
<10000 to 15000	7.27
<15000 to 20000	6.75
<20000
Type of diabetes	6.45	0.705
Type I	6.52
Type II
Type of treatment	6.39	0.2
Insulin only	6.63
Insulin with oral medications
Duration of diabetes diagnosis (years)	6.77	0.187
<4	6.38
4 to 10	6.39
>10
DKS score	6.57	0.015
>50%	6.02
<50%

Table 4

- Characteristics of study sample, by diabetes numeracy test (DNT-15) (n=279).

Characteristics	DNT-15 score (Mean)	SD	P-value
Age (years)
<30 31-45	41.10 42.81	21.01 26.15	0.902
>45	41.61	21.92
Gender
Male	43.39	21.59	0.226
Female	40.13	22.22
Level of education
Primary	34.97	27.42
Intermediate Secondary	26.07 38.24	15.79 20.73	<0.001
College	45.89	22.15
Higher than college	50.56	14.91
Social status
Married	42.27	23.59
Single	41.15	20.74	0.959
Divorced	40.38	31.46
Widowed	38.57	16.58
Monthly income (SAR)
<5000	37.99	18.79
5000 to 1000<10000 to 15000	43.82 44.91	23.36 24.00	0.033
<15000 to 20000	52.83	28.24
<20000	44.56	29.86
Type of diabetes
Type I	41.43	21.73	0.962
Type II	41.58	22.83
Type of treatment
Insulin only Insulin with oral	41.93	21.42	0.619
medications	40.52	23.20
Duration of diabetes diagnosis	38.27	23.58
(years)	40.85	21.51
<4	43.48	21.51	0.187
4 to 10
>10
DKS score
>50%	43.72	22.85	<0.001
<50%	31.38	13.73

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Table 5
- Diabetes self-management questionnaire score (DSMQ), by diabetes numeracy test (DNT-15) score quartiles.
DNT-15 score quartiles Quartile 1161 (0-42%) Quartile 264 (43%-65%) Quartile 339 (66%-81%) Quartile 415 (82%-100%) P-value
Median DSMQ score, (IQR) 6.2(5.4-7.5) 6.6(5.8-7.9) 6.9(5.6-7.7) 7.0(6.4-8.1) 0.173