Prevalence of retinopathy and associated risk factors among high- and low-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An observational study

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

- Type and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among study participants (N=428).

Retinopathy type	Low-risk (HbA1c ≤7) n=327 (76.4)		High-risk (HbA1c ≥9) n=101 (23.6)		P-value
DR
No	255	(77.9)	12	(11.9)	<0.001
Yes	72	(22.1)	89	(88.1)	<0.001
NPDR
Mild	34	(47.2)	44	(49.4)	0.129
Moderate	26	(36.1)	17	(19.1)
Severe	8	(11.1)	13	(14.6)
PDR
No	68	(94.4)	74	(83.1)	0.340
Yes	4	(5.6)	15	(16.9)	0.340
MO
No	311	(95.1)	85	(84.1)	<0.001
Yes	16	(4.9)	16	(15.8)	<0.001
CSMO
No	325	(99.4)	93	(92.1)	<0.001
Yes	2	(0.6)	8	(7.9)	<0.001

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, DR: diabetic retinopathy, NPDR: non-proliferative DR, PDR: proliferative DR, MO: macular oedema, CSMO: clinically significant MO

Table 2

- Comparison of baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the participants (N=428).

Variables	Low-risk (HbA1c ≤7)		High-risk (HbA1c ≥9)		P-value
Variables	Mean±SD		Mean±SD		P-value
Age (years)	61.3±11.5		60.1±10.1		0.327
BMI (kg/m²)	32.6±7.0		33.6±6.6		0.279
SBP (mmHg)	125.9±16.2		126.6±16.8		0.683
DBP (mmHg)	65.6±10.7		65.5±11.0		0.944
LDL (mmol/L)	2.34±0.79		2.75±0.98		<0.001
Albumin to creatinine ratio	12.3±39.7		16.6±67.8		0.599
Diabetes duration (years)	13.2±7.2		13.3±7.2		0.886
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	85.07±22.39		87.21±24.95		0.451
Gender
Male	114	(34.9)	(35)	(34.7)	0.969
Female	213	(65.1)	66	(65.3)	0.969
Smoker
No	309	(96.9)	96	(97.0)	0.958
Yes	10	(3.1)	3	(3.0)	0.958
ACEi and ARB use
No	68	(22.0)	25	(25.8)	0.441
Yes	241	(78.0)	72	(74.2)	0.441
Statin use
No	25	(8.1)	3	(3.1)	0.093
Yes	283	(91.9)	93	(96.9)

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs: angiotensin-receptor blockers

Table 3

- Multivariate analysis for the factors that are potentially associated with diabetic retinopathy by risk group.

Abbreviations, as in Table 2; aOR: adjusted odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs: angiotensin-receptor blockers, BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure,