Patterns and determinants of treatment for coronary artery disease: A cross-sectional study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Article Figures & Data

Table 1

- Descriptive statistics of patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics (N=242).

↵* Categories within this variable are not mutually exclusive. NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, ACS: acute coronary syndrome, IHD: ischemic heart disease

Table 2

- Distribution of pattern of artery lesions (N=242).

↵* Categories within variable are not mutually exclusive. LM: left main artery lesion, LAD: left anterior descending artery lesion, LCX: left circumflex artery lesion, RCA: right coronary artery lesion

Table 3

- Distribution and association management modalities with associated factors (N=242).

Values are presented as number and percentages (%). BMT: best medical therapy, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting, NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, LM: left main lesion, RCA: right coronary arteries, LAD: left anterior descending artery, LCX: left circumflex artery, MVD: coronary microvascular disease

Table 4

- Association between associated factors with management modalities (univariate regression analysis).

Associated factors	Univariate regression analysis Unadjusted OR (95% CI; P-value)
Associated factors	Best medical therapy	CABG	PCI
Age (years)
≤60	Ref.	1.57(0.81-3.04); p=0.182*	2.95(1.28-6.79);p=0.011*
>60	Ref.	1	1
Gender
Male	Ref.	1.09 (0.53-2.25); p=0.807	0.29 (0.13-0.66); p=0.003*
Female	Ref.	1	1
Smoking status
Current/ex-smoker	Ref.	1.64 (0.84-3.21); p=0.146*	0.59 (0.22-1.54); p=0.278
Non- smoker	Ref.	1	1
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	Ref.	1.17 (0.60-2.28); p=0.638	7.14 (2.08-24.56); p=0.002*
No	Ref.	1	1
Hypertension
Yes	Ref.	0.94 (0.49-1.81); p=0.853	3.29 (1.27-8.54); p=0.014*
No	Ref.	1	1
Dyslipidemia
Yes	Ref.	1.0 (0.48-2.11); p=0.996	3.67 (1.61-8.36); p=0.002*
No	Ref.	1	1
Diagnosis
Atypical angina	Ref.	1.67 (0.62-4.48); p=0.312	0.37 (0.09-1.56); p=0.173*
Stable angina	Ref.	1.0 (0.10-9.93); p=1.000	-------
Unstable angina	Ref.	0.96 (0.33-2.77); p=0.942	1.79 (0.64-5.04); p=0.266
NSTEMI	Ref.	1.89 (0.65-5.52); p=0.240*	0.60 (0.14-2.63); p=0.50
STEMI	Ref.	1	1
LM lesion
Yes	Ref.	4.23 (1.72-10.4); p=0.002*	------
No	Ref.	1	------
LAD lesion
Yes	Ref.	9.82 (2.29-42.07); p=0.002*	0.15 (0.06-42.07); p=0.000*
No	Ref.	1	1
Ramus
Yes	Ref.	11.04 (3.91-31.19); p=0.002*	------
No	Ref.	1	1
LCX
Yes	Ref.	6.08 (2.67-13.85); p=0.000*	0.53 (0.22-1.26); p=0.15*
No	Ref.	1	1
RCA
Yes	Ref.	5.6(2.59-12.07); p=0.000*	9.60 (3.19-28.93); p=0.000*
No	Ref.	1	1
Dominant artery
Right	Ref.	4.19 (0.92-19.1); p=0.063*	1.18 (0.36-3.88); p=0.781
Left	Ref.	0.47 (0.08-2.76); p=0.400	0.12 (0.02-0.69); p=0.018*
Both	Ref.	1	1
MVD
Yes	Ref.	43.48(5.86-322.88); p=0.000*	0.55 (0.24-1.26); p=0.157*
No	Ref.	1	1

Significance levels: for unadjusted/univariate analysis <0.25, for multivariate analysis <0.05. Multinomial logistic regression used. The reference category is: “best medical therapy”. OR: odds ratio (95% confidence interval). PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting, NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, LM: left main lesion, RCA: right coronary arteries, LAD: left anterior descending artery, LCX: left circumflex artery, MVD: coronary microvascular disease, *statistically significance value

Table 5

- Association between associated factors with management modalities (multivariate regression analysis).

Associated factors	Multivariate regression analysis Adjusted OR (95% CI; P-value)
Associated factors	Best medical therapy	CABG	PCI
Age groups
≤60 years	Ref.	4.27 (1.55-11.8); p=0.005^*	1.26 (0.33-4.89); p:0.738
>60 years	Ref.	1	1
Gender
Male	Ref.	------	0.31 (0.07-1.39); p:0.126
Female	Ref.	------	1
Smoking status
Current/ex-smoker	Ref.	0.98 (0.33-2.87); p=0.965	------
Non- smoker	Ref.	1	------
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	Ref.	------	4.07 (0.81-20.4); p=0.089
No	Ref.	------	1
Hypertension
Yes	Ref.	------	0.85 (0.19-3.68); p=0.824
No	Ref.	------	1
Dyslipidemia
Yes	Ref.	------	1.42 (0.29-6.99); p=0.670
No	Ref.	------	1
Diagnosis
Atypical angina	Ref.	1.63 (0.41-6.63); p=0.490	1.14 (0.14-9.24); p=0.905
Stable angina	Ref.	1.57 (0.09-24.73); p=0.751	-------
Unstable angina	Ref.	1.23 (0.35-4.29); p=0.747	0.72 (0.10-5.22); p=0.748
NSTEMI	Ref.	0.894 (0.21-3.89); p=0.881	0.72 (0.09-5.93); p=0.761
STEMI	Ref.	1	1
LM lesion
Yes	Ref.	4.94 (1.47-16.61); p=0.010^*	------
No	Ref.	1	-------
LAD lesion
Yes	Ref.	0.83 (0.08-8.75); p=0.875	0.088 (0.01-0.79); p=0.030^*
No	Ref.	1	1
Ramus
Yes	Ref.	6.88 (1.77-26.79); p=0.005^*	------
No	Ref.	1	------
LCX
Yes	Ref.	1.71 (0.46-6.35); p=0.422	1.36 (0.22-8.25); p=0.739
No	Ref.	1	1
RCA
Yes	Ref.	1.64 (0.59-4.55); p=0.342	14.6 (2.29-93.1); p=0.005^*
No	Ref.	1	1
Dominant artery
Right	Ref.	5.67 (0.91-35.4); p=0.063	0.33 (0.06-1.90); p=0.213
Left	Ref.	1.16 (0.12-10.98); p=0.900	0.12 (0.01-1.16); p=0.067
Both	Ref.	1	1
MVD
Yes	Ref.	13.13 (0.60-285.7); p=0.101	0.95 (0.04-20.9); p=0.975
No	Ref.	1	1

Significance levels: for unadjusted/univariate analysis <0.25, for multivariate analysis <0.05. Multinomial logistic regression used. The reference category is: “best medical therapy”. OR: odd ratio (95% confidence interval). PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting, NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, LM: left main lesion, RCA: right coronary arteries, LAD: left anterior descending artery, LCX: left circumflex artery, MVD: coronary microvascular disease,
↵* statistically significance value