Abstract
Objectives: To validate an Arabic version of the LittlEARS® Early Speech Production Questionnaire (LEESPQ), which assesses the early development of speech and language in infants between 0 and 18 months, in Arabic-speaking children with normal hearing in Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between September and December 2020. Parents completed the LEESPQ regarding their child’s speech production development. To assess the ability of normal hearing children aged 0-18 months in developing speech and language production, a norm curve has been generated based on the standardized values that were calculated from the Arabic normal-hearing data set.
Results: A total of 198 questionnaires were analyzed. The total score on the LEESPQ correlated with age, gender, and bilingualism. A norm curve for early speech production in children with normal hearing was created.
Conclusion: The Arabic version of LEESPQ appears to be a valid questionnaire that can be used in the assessment of early language and speech development of Arabic-speaking children with normal hearing in the age range of 0-18 months. The Arabic version of the LEESPQ might also be a useful tool to detect developmental delays and hearing disorders in young children.
The LittlEARS® test battery was specifically developed by experts from different disciplines to document children’s auditory and verbal development. Part of this test battery is the LittlEARS® Auditory Questionnaire (LEAQ).1 The LEAQ assesses the auditory development in infants aged between 0 and 24 months. To date, the LEAQ has been validated in 23 languages, including Arabic.2 Another part of the LittlEARS test battery is the LittlEARS® Early Speech Production Questionnaire (LEESPQ),3 which assesses early speech and language development in infants aged 0-18 months. The LEESPQ focuses on reflexive behavior, precanonical vocalizations, canonical vocalizations, and postcanonical vocalizations in children up to 18 months old.4 The questions cover the following speech production steps: production of reflexive sounds, expression of well-being, vowel production similar to adults, second babbling phase, word-like utterances, sound-object association, and production of first words. To date, the LEESPQ has been validated in German on 362 children with normal hearing (NH),5 in Turkish on 222 children with NH,6 and in one English version in Canada on 90 children with NH.4
No validated tools are available in the Arabic-speaking region for the assessment of language development in Arabic-speaking infants. Therefore, the primary aim of the current study was to test the validity of the Arabic version of the LEESPQ as an assessment tool for early speech production in Arabic-speaking children with NH in Saudi Arabia. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of age, gender, and monolingualism versus bilingualism on the speech production development of children with NH.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on children between age 0-18 months. The study was carried out in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between September and December 2020.
The inclusion criteria were children between 0 and 18 months old, had to have NH, had to have no cognitive impairment, and the parents had to use Arabic as their everyday language were included in the study. All children included in the study have been recruited from those who passed the neonatal hearing screening test. The questionnaire was administered either directly to the parents of the children during their visit in the pediatric clinic or through personal contact with the parents. In either way, the investigator explained to the parents the purpose of the questionnaire and how they should respond to the questions.
The LEESPQ total score
The LEESPQ consists of 27 yes/no questions for the parents/guardian to answer, which takes between 10 and 15 minutes. Each “yes” response equals 1 point and each “no” response equals 0 points. The maximum achievable score is 27. The average of the total score per age group is calculated to show the child’s age-dependent speech production responses. It is anticipated that, in general, older children with more improved speech production ability will answer more items with “yes” than younger children.
The LEESPQ was completed by the parents/guardians based on their observations of the child’s behavior. They were instructed to answer “yes” if a reaction was observed at least once and ”no” if a reaction was not observed or if they were not sure.
Calculation of critical values/minimum values
The confidence intervals in which the age-specific values are found with 95% probability were determined based on the results of the regression analysis. The lower confidence interval band was described as the crucial lower limit which is the minimum score that a child can achieve with the development of speech production according to his/her age. Values below this crucial level have only a probability of less than 5% of age-appropriate speech production and could indicate delayed language development. Scores above this limit are deemed to be matched with normal, age-appropriate, development of speech production (with a 95% probability).
Developing a norm curve
To assess the ability of normal-hearing children aged 0-18 months in developing speech and language production, a norm curve has been generated based on the standardized values that were calculated from the Arabic NH data set. A regression model or curve fitting with “age” as independent and “total score” as the dependent variable has been used to extract the standardized values. The best model to generate a norm curve was a second-order polynomial model according to the least square’s method. From this structural equation, standardized expected values of age-dependent total scores were calculated for each age group. The normative scores for the age-specific speech production ability of a child were determined based on these values.
Statistical analysis
The correlation between the positive response (YES) probability and age has been tested using Pearson correlation (r). It is anticipated that with increasing age the correlation will be higher because older children with more improved speech production ability will answer more items with “yes” than younger children. The Mann-Whitney U-test was applied to examine if there is a difference in scoring between bilingual children and monolingual children and if a child’s gender influenced their total score. The internal consistency or scale homogeneity has been measured by Cronbach’s alpha (α). The Guttman’s split-half coefficient (r) was used as a measure of predictive accuracy.
The study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board, College of Medicine, King Saud University (IRB #E-20-5124). Parents/guardians gave informed consent on the first page of the questionnaire. The research was conducted following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results
Caretaker responses from 13 children were not included in the validation analyses: 6 children who were younger than one month scored too high for that age group (based on clinical experience and on the German and English validation, the scores were identified as unrealistic for this age group); 7 children were older than 18 months (>18.2 months). Finally, 198 caretaker responses were analyzed, leading to a total study group of 86 male (43.4%) and 112 female children (56.6%). The age ranged from 0 months to 18 months old (Table 1). Eighty-one children (40.9%) were bilingual and 117 children (59.1%) were monolingual.
- Number of children by age category (N=198).
The average of the total score per age group shows the child’s age-dependent speech production responses. By a trend, with increasing age and more improved speech production ability, parents answered more items with “yes” (Table 2, Figure 1).
- Mean total “yes” answers (± standard deviation) for Arabic-LEESPQ per age group (maximum score = 27).
By a trend, with increasing age, the correlation is higher, as older children with more improved speech production ability answered more items with “yes” than younger children. Table 3 shows the results of Pearson correlation between the probability of positive response (YES) and age.
- Pearson correlation (r) results for each item.
Homogeneity or internal consistency was reached with a value of α=0.861 (Cronbach`s alpha), indicating that the Arabic-LEESPQ questionnaire almost exclusively assesses speech production ability. The result of Guttman’s split-half coefficient (r=0.533) reflects the predictive accuracy of the scale.
On average, female children (n=112; mean=14.58; ±SD[standard diviation]=5.274) answered more items with “yes” than male children (n=86; mean=13.45; ±SD=5.077); this difference was not significant (p=0.122). On average, bilingual children answered more items with “yes” (n=81; mean=14.53; ±SD=5.097) than monolingual children (n=117; mean=13.79; ±SD=5.281); this difference was not significant (p=0.287).
Developing a norm curve
The norm curve generated from the raw data and the lower band of the 95% confidence interval are shown in Figure 2 of the scatter plot of the raw data. The best model, which explains 72% of the entire variance (adjusted R2=0.518), was a second-order polynomial model according to the least square’s method with the regression equation:
- Regression curve (quadratic) with age as independent and total score as the dependent variable. Individual scores, standardized expected values (norm curve), and standardized minimum values (lower 95% confidence interval) of age-specific speech production abilities of the Saudi Arabian normal hearing (NH) sample (n=198).
Calculation of critical values/minimum values
Table 4 shows the minimum values, also defined as the critical lower limit (such as, the lower band of the confidence interval), that a child with NH should reach to age-appropriate speech production development (Figure 2). Children who score below this minimum level have a minor probability (<5%) of demonstrating an age-appropriate speech development ability.
- The minimum values of age-dependent speech production ability a child should reach.
Discussion
The primary aim of the current study is to test the validity of the Arabic version of LEESPQ as an assessment tool for early speech production in Arabic-speaking children with NH in Saudi Arabia. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of age, gender, and monolingualism versus bilingualism on Arabic-speaking children’s speech production development. The results clearly demonstrate that the Arabic LEESPQ is a validated, gender-independent, and age-dependent parent questionnaire. It facilitates the assessment of the speech development of Arabic-speaking children in the age range of 0-18 months with NH in Saudi Arabia. The Arabic version of the LEESPQ has shown good homogeneity and internal consistency (α=0.861), indicating that the Arabic-LEESPQ questionnaire almost exclusively assesses speech production ability. These results were in accordance with the results of similar studies of validating LEESPQ for other languages.4-6 Moreover, the results of the current study confirmed that Arabic-LEESPQ scores are significantly correlated with age. This has been demonstrated by the significant Pearson correlation between the age of children and the parents’ responses to the questionnaire. Similar results have been reported in other related studies4-6 indicating that older children have improved speech production abilities as measured by LEESPQ. On the other hand, there was no influence of gender (p=0.12) or bilingualism (p=0.28) on the early speech production in the Arabic-speaking children as reported in the studies of validating the Turkish and German versions of LEESPQ.5,6 In the study of validating the Turkish LEESPQ, the authors reported no significant difference between boys and girls scores (p=0.34), while in the German LEESPQ validation study there was no significant effect of both gender and language exposure on the total scores of LEESPQ (p=0.48 and 0.68 respectively). These results confirm the validity of LEESPQ in measuring early speech production of children with NH regardless of their gender or bilingual exposure.
In general, there is a considerable lack of validated tools in Arabic that assess language development progress in Arabic-speaking children. To date, 3 validated auditory questionnaires are available in Arabic: the LEAQ,2 which assesses the development of auditory skills in children aged 0 to 24 months; the Auditory Behavior in Everyday Life (ABEL) questionnaire7 for children aged 3.9 to 14.3 years; and the Categories of Auditory Performance-II (CAP-II).8 As there is no validated instrument to assess speech production progress in the Arabic language, the Arabic version of the LEESPQ could fill the gap and, as such, be a welcome tool for parents and audiological specialists. The well-structured and easy-to-use LEESPQ can be used for different clinical purposes: to report the speech and language development of Arabic-speaking children with NH and in Arabic-speaking children with a cochlear implant or hearing aid, as a screening tool for GPs and ENTs, and as a measuring instrument in auditory research.5
Study limitation
The absence of group of infants with hearing loss. Further validation studies are needed to determine if the LEESPQ can be considered a universal, language-independent questionnaire such as the LEAQ that has been validated for many other languages.
In conclusion, the Arabic version of LEESPQ appears to be a valid questionnaire that can be used in the assessment of early language and speech development of Arabic-speaking children with NH in the age range of 0-18 months. The Arabic version of the LEESPQ might also be a useful tool to detect developmental delays and hearing disorders in young children.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for funding through Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs. The authors would like to thank Edda Amann for statistical analysis, and Ursula Lehner-Mayrhofer for her help in reviewing the English language editing.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Ilona Anderson and Yassin Abdelsamad are employed by MED-EL GmbH and they have scientific roles only without any marketing or sales activities. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
- Received April 26, 2021.
- Accepted August 2, 2021.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
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