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Variables All patients (N=159) DEX group (n=74) Non-DEX group (n=85) P-values Age (year) 61.0±11.6 60.5±10.1 61.5±12.7 0.424 Gender (male/female), n 70/89 28/46 42/43 0.143 Body mass index (kg/m2) 23.9±3.2 24.0±3.3 23.8±3.1 0.585 ASA status (I/II/III), n 60/94/5 30/42/2 30/52/3 0.797 Diagnosis, n (%) Colon cancer 111 (69.8) 51 (68.9) 60 (70.6) 0.819 Rectal cancer 48 (30.2) 23 (31.1) 25 (29.4) Surgery type, n (%) Colectomy 67 (42.1) 34 (45.9) 33 (38.8) 0.364 Anterior resection 92 (57.9) 40 (54.1) 52 (61.2) Pathological stage (0/1/2/3/4), n 17/19/33/20/70 9/8/14/12/31 8/11/19/8/39 0.689 Maximum tumor size >4 cm, n (%) 41 (25.8) 20 (27.0) 21 (24.7) 0.739 Anesthesia time (minute) 174.9±40.7 174.8±41.1 175.0±40.7 0.992 Operation time (minute) 130.6±38.5 130.6±38.8 130.7±38.5 0.984 Intraoperative fentanyl dose (μg) 64.6±27.6 57.6±20.7 70.7±31.4 0.008 Rocuronium dose (mg) 72.7±13.0 72.8±12.8 72.6±13.4 0.877 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DEX: dexmedetomidine, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists
Variables All patients (N=159) DEX group (n=74) Non-DEX group (n=85) P-values Mean arterial pressure T0 94.0±13.0 93.5±14.5 94.4±11.5 >0.999 T1 91.6±18.9 89.1±21.8 93.7±15.8 0.376 T2 104.0±20.1 102.1±19.0 105.5±21.0 >0.999 T3 83.3±12.9 80.6±13.1 85.6±12.4 0.094 T4 82.3±16.6 74.0±12.6 89.5±16.4 <0.001 T5 96.9±16.1 92.3±14.0 100.8±16.9 0.003 Heart rate T0 75.4±12.9 75.1±12.2 75.7±13.5 >0.999 T1 81.9±15.7 81.1±17.0 82.7±14.5 >0.999 T2 83.7±16.5 82.7±17.5 84.7±15.5 >0.999 T3 68.6±12.0 63.5±10.6 72.9±11.3 <0.001 T4 66.6±12.1 60.3±10.3 72.0±10.9 <0.001 T5 82.5±13.9 76.8±11.6 87.3±13.9 0.001 Bispectral index T0 94.3±3.8 94.6±4.0 94.1±3.6 0.379 T1 39.2±9.3 39.5±10.4 38.9±8.2 >0.999 T2 37.8±8.0 37.4±8.1 38.1±8.0 >0.999 T3 40.5±7.1 40.7±7.4 40.3±6.9 >0.999 T4 51.5±9.9 49.0±10.1 53.7±9.1 0.016 T5 80.7±7.7 81.1±8.6 80.3±6.8 >0.999 Oxygen saturation (%) T0 99.3±1.0 99.3±0.9 99.2±1.1 >0.999 T1 99.9±0.4 99.8±0.5 99.9±0.4 >0.999 T2 99.8±0.5 99.9±0.5 99.8±0.5 >0.999 T3 99.9±0.4 99.9±0.4 99.9±0.3 >0.999 T4 99.9±0.3 99.9±0.4 100.0±0.2 >0.999 T5 99.9±0.6 99.8±0.7 99.9±0.4 >0.999 Oxygen reserve index T0 0.0±0.1 0.0±0.1 0.0±0.1 >0.999 T1 0.4±0.2 0.4±0.2 0.4±0.2 0.183 T2 0.4±0.2 0.4±0.2 0.4±0.2 0.887 T3 0.4±0.3 0.4±0.3 0.4±0.3 >0.999 T4 0.6±0.3 0.5±0.3 0.6±0.3 0.030 T5 0.5±0.5 0.5±0.7 0.5±0.3 >0.999 MAC of sevoflurane T1 1.1±0.3 1.0±0.3 1.1±0.2 0.051 T2 1.2±0.3 1.0±0.3 1.2±0.3 0.002 T3 0.9±0.2 0.9±0.2 1.0±0.2 <0.001 T4 0.4±0.2 0.4±0.2 0.5±0.2 0.843 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DEX: dexmedetomidine, MAC: minimum alveolar concentration, T0: before intubation, T1: start of surgery, T2: insufflation of intra-abdominal CO2, T3: deflation of intra-abdominal CO2, T4: end of surgery, T5: after extubation
Postoperative pain (NRS) All patients (n=159) DEX group (n=74) Non-DEX group (n=85) P-values PACU At admission 6.3±2.2 5.6±2.2 6.9±2.0 <0.001 At discharge 2.8±1.0 2.7±1.1 2.8±0.6 0.027 POD 1 Rest 2.9±0.3 2.9±0.4 2.9±0.3 >0.999 Movement 4.8±1.7 5.0±1.7 4.7±1.7 >0.999 POD 2 Rest 3.0±0.2 3.0±0.2 3.0±0.2 >0.999 Movement 4.3±1.6 4.4±1.6 4.2±1.5 >0.999 POD 3 Rest 2.9±0.3 2.9±0.3 2.9±0.3 >0.999 Movement 3.8±1.4 3.9±1.5 3.5±1.2 >0.999 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DEX: dexmedetomidine, NRS: numeric rating scale, PACU: post-anesthesia care unit, POD: postoperative day
Variables All patients (N=159) DEX group (n=74) Non-DEX group (n=85) P-values Fentanyl dose for PCA (μg) 1199.4±200.2 1210.8±197.0 1189.4±203.6 0.499 Fentanyl dose for PACU (μg) 39.5±28.9 27.9±23.1 49.6±29.8 <0.001 Fentanyl dose after surgery (μg) POD 1 72.9±80.5 73.3±77.5 72.5±83.5 >0.999 POD 2 140.3±105.3 123.5±105.6 154.9±103.4 0.244 POD 3 168.9±160.9 184.7±195.3 155.2±123.0 >0.999 Discontinuation day of PCA (POD) 2.4±0.9 2.3±1.0 2.5±0.8 0.080 Time to pass flatus (POD) 2.9±1.0 3.0±1.0 2.8±1.0 0.314 Length of hospital stay (POD) 6.3±1.2 6.2±1.3 6.4±1.1 0.076 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DEX: dexmedetomidine, PCA: patient-controlled analgesia, PACU: post-anesthesia care unit, POD: postoperative day
Complications All patients (N=159) DEX group (n=74) Non-DEX group (n=85) P-values Nausea/vomiting 35 (20.0) 16 (21.6) 19 (22.4) 0.912 Itching 3 (1.9) 1 (1.4) 2 (2.4) >0.999 Dizziness 9 (5.7) 4 (5.4) 5 (5.9) >0.999 Headache 6 (3.8) 3 (4.1) 3 (3.5) >0.999 Values are presented as a number and precentage (%). DEX: dexmedetomidine
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