Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Bacteriological profile of wound swab and their antibiogram pattern in a tertiary care hospital, Saudi Arabia

Azzah S. Alharbi
Saudi Medical Journal December 2022, 43 (12) 1373-1382; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.12.20220681

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Maillard J-Y,
    2. Kampf G,
    3. Cooper R.
    Antimicrobial stewardship of antiseptics that are pertinent to wounds: The need for a united approach. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3: dlab027.
    OpenUrl
  2. 2.
    1. Simões D,
    2. Miguel SP,
    3. Ribeiro MP,
    4. Coutinho P,
    5. Mendonça AG,
    6. Correia IJ.
    Recent advances on antimicrobial wound dressing: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127: 130–141.
    OpenUrl
  3. 3.↵
    1. Negut I,
    2. Grumezescu V,
    3. Grumezescu AM.
    Treatment strategies for infected wounds. Molecules 2018; 23: 2392.
    OpenUrl
  4. 4.↵
    1. Tarana MN,
    2. Fardows J,
    3. Farhana N,
    4. Khatun R,
    5. Akter S.
    Bacteriological profile of wound swab and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College, Dhaka. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2019; 11: 65–68.
    OpenUrl
  5. 5.↵
    1. Maharjan N,
    2. Mahawal B.
    Bacteriological profile of wound infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of various isolates in a tertiary care center. J Lumbini Med Coll College.2020; 8: 218–224.
    OpenUrl
  6. 6.↵
    1. Mahat P,
    2. Manandhar S,
    3. Baidya R.
    Bacteriological profile of wound infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. J Microbiol Exp 2017; 4: 126–133.
    OpenUrl
  7. 7.↵
    1. Pallavali RR,
    2. Degati VL,
    3. Lomada D,
    4. Reddy MC,
    5. Durbaka VRP.
    Isolation and in vitro evaluation of bacteriophages against MDR-bacterial isolates from septic wound infections. PloS one 2017; 12 : e0179245.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  8. 8.↵
    1. Puca V,
    2. Marulli RZ,
    3. Grande R,
    4. Vitale I,
    5. Niro A,
    6. Molinaro G, et al.
    Microbial species isolated from infected wounds and antimicrobial resistance analysis: Data emerging from a three-years retrospective study. Antibiotics 2021; 10: 1162.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    1. Malaekah HM,
    2. Alotaibi AE,
    3. Alsebail RA,
    4. Alelawi GT,
    5. Alsarrani RH,
    6. Banjar WM.
    Wound care knowledge and perception of the Saudi general population in Riyadh Region. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10: 293–300.
    OpenUrl
  10. 10.
    1. Althumiri NA,
    2. Basyouni MH,
    3. AlMousa N,
    4. AlJuwaysim MF,
    5. Almubark RA,
    6. BinDhim NF
    , et al., editors. Obesity in Saudi Arabia in 2020: prevalence, distribution, and its current association with various health conditions. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9: 311.
  11. 11.↵
    1. Alwin Robert A,
    2. Abdulaziz Al Dawish M,
    3. Braham R,
    4. Ali Musallam M,
    5. Abdullah Al Hayek A,
    6. Hazza Al Kahtany N.
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: major challenges and possible solutions. Curr Diabetes Rev 2017; 13: 59–64.
    OpenUrl
  12. 12.↵
    1. Li S,
    2. Renick P,
    3. Senkowsky J,
    4. Nair A,
    5. Tang L.
    Diagnostics for wound infections. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10: 317–27.
    OpenUrl
  13. 13.↵
    1. Shimekaw M,
    2. Tigabu A,
    3. Tessema B.
    Bacterial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors among patients with wound infections at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2022; 21: 182–192.
    OpenUrl
  14. 14.↵
    1. Lai PS,
    2. Bebell LM,
    3. Meney C,
    4. Valeri L,
    5. White MC.
    Epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant wound infections from six countries in Africa. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 2: e000475.
  15. 15.↵
    1. Pearson M,
    2. Chandler C.
    Knowing antimicrobial resistance in practice: a multi-country qualitative study with human and animal healthcare professionals. Global health action 2019; 12: 1599560.
    OpenUrl
  16. 16.↵
    1. Baraka MA,
    2. Alboghdadly A,
    3. Alshawwa S,
    4. Elnour AA,
    5. Alsultan H,
    6. Alsalman T, et al.
    Perspectives of healthcare professionals regarding factors associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and their consequences: a cross sectional study in Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics 2021; 10: 878.
    OpenUrl
  17. 17.↵
    1. Alam MM,
    2. Islam MN,
    3. Hawlader MDH,
    4. Ahmed S,
    5. Wahab A,
    6. Islam M, et al.
    Prevalence of multidrug resistance bacterial isolates from infected wound patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Int J Surg Open 2021; 28: 56–62.
    OpenUrl
  18. 18.↵
    1. Albishi W,
    2. Albeshri MA,
    3. Mortada HH,
    4. Alzahrani K,
    5. Alharbi R,
    6. Aljuhani F, et al.
    Awareness and level of knowledge about surgical site infections and risks of wound infection among medical physicians in King Abdulaziz University Hospital: Cross-sectional study. Interact J Med Res 2019; 8: e12769.
    OpenUrl
  19. 19.↵
    1. Isaac S,
    2. Jennings D.
    Microbial culture. 1st Ed. Garland Science; London: 2020. pg. 96–106
  20. 20.↵
    1. Weinstein MP,
    2. Lewis JS.
    The clinical and laboratory standards institute subcommittee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing: background, organization, functions, and processes. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58: e01864–e01919.
    OpenUrl
  21. 21.↵
    1. Marin C,
    2. Lorenzo-Rebenaque L,
    3. Laso O,
    4. Villora-Gonzalez J,
    5. Vega S.
    Pet reptiles: a potential source of transmission of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7: 613718.
    OpenUrl
  22. 22.↵
    1. Rai S,
    2. Yadav UN,
    3. Pant ND,
    4. Yakha JK,
    5. Tripathi PP,
    6. Poudel A, et al.
    Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from pus/wound swab samples from children attending a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017.
  23. 23.↵
    1. Jeschke MG,
    2. Phelan HA,
    3. Wolf S,
    4. Romanowski K,
    5. Rehou S,
    6. Saetamal A, et al.
    State of the science burn research: burns in the elderly. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41: 65–83.
    OpenUrl
  24. 24.↵
    1. Mohammed A,
    2. Seid ME,
    3. Gebrecherkos T,
    4. Tiruneh M,
    5. Moges F.
    Bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of wound infections among inpatients and outpatients attending the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. International journal of microbiology. 2017;2017.
  25. 25.↵
    1. Upreti N,
    2. Rayamajhee B,
    3. Sherchan SP,
    4. Choudhari MK,
    5. Banjara MR.
    Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing gram negative bacilli causing wound infections at a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7: 1–10.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    1. Kc, R.,
    2. A. Shrestha, and
    3. V. Sharma
    , Bacteriological study of wound infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Nepal J Sci Technol 2013; 14: 143–150.
    OpenUrl
  27. 27.↵
    1. Yeong E-K,
    2. Sheng W-H,
    3. Hsueh P-R,
    4. Hsieh S-M,
    5. Huang H-F,
    6. Ko A-T, et al.
    The wound microbiology and the outcomes of the systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in a mass burn casualty incident. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41: 95–103.
    OpenUrl
  28. 28.↵
    1. Bajaj V,
    2. Gadi N,
    3. Spihlman AP,
    4. Wu SC,
    5. Choi CH,
    6. Moulton VR. Aging
    , immunity, and COVID-19: how age influences the host immune response to coronavirus infections? Front Physiol 2021; 11: 571416.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.↵
    1. El-Saed A,
    2. Balkhy HH,
    3. Alshamrani MM,
    4. Aljohani S,
    5. Alsaedi A,
    6. Al Nasser W, et al.
    High contribution and impact of resistant gram negative pathogens causing surgical site infections at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, 2007–2016. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20: 1–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Guan H,
    2. Dong W,
    3. Lu Y,
    4. Jiang M,
    5. Zhang D,
    6. Aobuliaximu Y, et al.
    Distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria in patients with chronic cutaneous wounds in China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 609584.
    OpenUrl
  31. 31.
    1. Rahim K,
    2. Saleha S,
    3. Zhu X,
    4. Huo L,
    5. Basit A,
    6. Franco OL.
    Bacterial contribution in chronicity of wounds. Microb Ecol 2017; 73: 710–721.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  32. 32.↵
    1. Wu Y-K,
    2. Cheng N-C,
    3. Cheng C-M.
    Biofilms in chronic wounds: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37: 505–517.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Mulu W,
    2. Abera B,
    3. Yimer M,
    4. Hailu T,
    5. Ayele H,
    6. Abate D.
    Bacterial agents and antibiotic resistance profiles of infections from different sites that occurred among patients at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes 2017; 10: 1–9.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Chen Y,
    2. Chau J,
    3. Yoon J,
    4. Hladky J. Rapid
    , label-free pathogen identification system for multidrug-resistant bacterial wound infection detection on military members in the battlefield. PLoS One 2022; 17: e0267945.
    OpenUrl
  35. 35.↵
    1. Ayukekbong JA,
    2. Ntemgwa M,
    3. Atabe AN.
    The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6: 1–8.
    OpenUrl
  36. 36.↵
    1. Borgio JF,
    2. Rasdan AS,
    3. Sonbol B,
    4. Alhamid G,
    5. Almandil NB,
    6. Abdulazeez S.
    Emerging Status of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Fungi in the Arabian Peninsula. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10: 1144.
    OpenUrl
  37. 37.↵
    1. Ikhimiukor OO,
    2. Odih EE,
    3. Donado-Godoy P,
    4. Okeke IN.
    A bottom-up view of antimicrobial resistance transmission in developing countries. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7: 757–765.
    OpenUrl
  38. 38.↵
    1. Sisay M,
    2. Worku T,
    3. Edessa D.
    Microbial epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of wound infection in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis of laboratory-based cross-sectional studies. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20: 1–19.
    OpenUrl
  39. 39.↵
    1. Li L,
    2. Dai JX,
    3. Xu L,
    4. Chen ZH,
    5. Li XY,
    6. Liu M, et al.
    Antimicrobial resistance and pathogen distribution in hospitalized burn patients: a multicenter study in Southeast China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97: e11977.
    OpenUrl
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords