Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
- Frequency distribution of the biosociodemogaphic characteristics of the studied patients.
Characteristics n (%) Age, mean±SD (range) <30 18±7.5 30-50 38±15.8 50-70 71±29.6 >70 113±47.1 Gender Female 134 (55.8) Male 106 (44.2) Positive culture UTI MDR 111 (46.3) Non MDR 129 (53.8) Chronic medical disease (MDR) Hypertension 64 (57.7) Diabetes mellitus 69 (62.2) Congestive heart failure 13 (11.7) Chronic lung disease 3 (2.7) Chronic liver disease 2 (1.8) Chronic renal failure 31 (27.9) Bedridden 40 (36.0) Ventral nervous system disorders like CVA 28 (25.2) Malignancy 7 (6.3) Human immunodeficiency virus 0 (0.0) Risk factors (MDR) Previous hospitalization (≤1 year) 66 (59.5) UTI in (≤1 year) 48 (43.2) Previous antibiotics (≤3 months) 40 (36.0) Urinary catheters (≤3 months) 57 (51.3) Urologic diseases 34 (30.6) Immunosuppressive/chemotherapy drugs (≤3months) 12 (10.8) Values are presented as number and percentage (%). SD: standard deviation. UTI: urinary tract infection, MDR: multidrug resistance, CVA: cerebral vascular attack
Variables n (%) Cipro 23 (20.7) Pipracillin tazbactam 1 (0.9) Ceftrixone 9 (8.1) Ceftazidime 1 (0.9) Meropinum or meropenem 27 (24.3) Levofloxacin 5 (4.5) Metronedazole 1 (0.9) Tazocine 17 (15.3) Augmentin 8 (7.2) Linezolid 4 (3.6) Levofluxacin 1 (0.9) Vancomycin 1 (0.9) Cefepime 1 (0.9) Doxy 1 (0.9) Tigecycline 1 (0.9) Cefazolin 1 (0.9) Values are presented as number and percentage (%).
- Table 3
- Correlation between age, gender, urinary tract infection in ≤1 year, urologic diseases, and presence of multiple drug resistance.
Variables Groups Chi-square MDR Non-MDR Total X2 P-value Age <30 3 (2.7) 15 (11.6) 18 (7.5) 20.061 <0.001* 30-50 13 (11.7) 25 (19.4) 38 (15.8) 50-70 27 (24.3) 44 (34.1) 71 (29.6) >70 68 (61.3) 45 (34.9) 113 (47.1) Gender Female 54 (48.6) 80 (62.0) 134 (55.8) 4.323 0.038* Male 57 (51.4) 49 (38.0) 106 (44.2) UTI in ≤1 year No 1 (56.8) 127 (98.4) 190 (79.2) 62.88 <0.001* Yes 48 (43.2) 2 (1.6) 50 (20.8) Urologic diseases No 78 (70.3) 109 (84.5) 187 (77.9) 7.01 0.008* Yes 33 (29.7) 20 (15.5) 53 (22.1) Values are presented as number and percentage (%).
↵* Significant at p<0.05. MDR: multiple drug resistance, UTI: urinary tract infection
Variables n (%) Common organisms (MDR and non-MDR) E. coli 41 (17.1) Klebsiella spp 44 (18.3) Proteus spp 30 (12.5) Enterococcus spp 21 (8.8) Others 146 (60.8) Non-MDR organisms E. coli 23 (17.8) Klebsiella spp 26 (20.2) Proteus spp 24 (18.6) Enterococcus spp 14 (10.9) Mixed MDR 5 (3.9) Others 24 (18.6) MDR organisms Gram-positive 19 (17.1) Gram-negative 92 (82.9) Anaerobes 95 (85.6) Aerobes 16 (14.4) Empirical antibiotics for culture positive MDR Ciprofloxacin 41 (36.9) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 15 (13.5) Piperacillin/tazobactam 11 (9.9) Ceftriaxone 29 (26.1) Ceftazidime 9 (8.1) Others 6 (5.4) Values are presented as number and percentage (%). MDR: multidrug resistant, E. coli: Escherichia coli, spp: several species
- Table 5
- Frequency of antimicrobial resistance of common multiple drug resistance uropathogens (N=87).
Antibiotics MDR organisms Chi-square E.coli (n=23) Klebsiella spp (n=26) Proteus spp (n=24) Enterococcus spp (n=14) X2 P-value Ciprofloxacin 19 (82.6) 24 (92.3) 22 (91.7) 14 (100) 3.360 0.339 Gentamicin 13 (56.5) 16 (61.5) 18 (75.0) 7 (50.0) 2.874 0.411 Ampicillin 9 (39.1) 20 (76.9) 12 (50.0) 3 (21.4) 13.187 0.004* Amoxcillin/clavulanic acid 10 (43.5) 21 (80.8) 15 (62.5) 4 (28.6) 12.649 0.005* Piperacillin/tazobactam 3 (13.0) 3 (11.5) 1 (4.2) 0 (0.0) 2.918 0.404 Ceftriaxone 9 (39.1) 22 (84.6) 11 (45.8) 2 (14.3) 20.849 <0.001* Ceftazidime 7 (30.4) 11 (42.3) 9 (37.5) 1 (7.1) 5.586 0.134 Cefepime 7 (30.4) 12 (46.2) 10 (41.7) 1 (7.1) 6.915 0.075 Tetracycline 1 (4.4) 0 (0.0) 2 (8.3) 5 (35.7) 15.093 0.002* Co-trimoxazole 15 (65.2) 6 (23.1) 9 (37.5) 1 (7.1) 15.555 <0.001* X2 46.953 99.301 63.349 56.925 P-value <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* ↵* Significant relationship. Values are presented as number and percentage (%). MDR: multiple drug resistance, E. coli: Escherichia coli, spp: several species
- Table 6
- Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factor of multiple drug resistance in urinary tract infection patients.
Variables B S.E. Wald P-value Odd ratio 95% CI Lower Upper Age 0.01 0.009 3 0.083 0.98 0.98 1 Gender 0.57 0.35 2.65 0.1 0.58 0.28 1.12 UTI in ≤1 year 3.4 0.77 19.25 <0.001* 0.03 0.007 0.15 Urologic diseases 0.51 0.4 1.58 0.209 0.59 0.26 1.33 Escherichia coli 0.001 0.41 0.001 0.999 0.99 0.44 2.24 Klebsiella pneumoniae 0.46 0.44 1.1 0.292 0.62 0.26 1.49 Proteus mirabilis 1.5 0.54 7.67 0.006* 0.22 0.07 0.64 Enterococcus faecium 1.08 0.72 2.22 0.136 0.33 0.08 1.4 Cipro 0.25 0.43 0.34 0.556 1.29 0.54 3.05 Ceftrixone 1.83 0.69 3.94 0.047* 0.25 0.06 0.98 Meropinum or meropenem 0.45 0.63 0.5 0.477 0.63 0.18 2.21 levofloxacin 0.02 0.89 0.001 0.978 0.97 0.17 5.58 Tazocine 0.56 0.47 1.4 0.236 0.56 0.22 1.44 Augmentin 1.02 0.74 1.19 0.166 0.35 0.08 1.53 Linezolid 0.55 1.6 0.11 0.731 0.57 0.02 13.26 Constant 3.09 0.8 14.94 <0.001 22.15 ↵* Significant relationship.UTI: urinary tract infection, CI: confidence interval, Exp (B): expected beta, S.E: standard error