Sleep disturbance and medical requests among university and college students in Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional study

Ting Wang; Jiuheng Yin; Chen Hu; Wanzhen Tang; Xiaowen Che; Ying Liu

doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.11.20230420

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Table 1

- Diagnostic criteria of sleep problem questionnaire.

Types of sleep disturbance	Items
Difficulties initiating sleep	Question 1
Difficulties maintaining sleep	Question 2
Early awakening	Question 3
Subjective impairment	Question 4
Insomnia	Question 1/2/3 + Question 4 + Question 5 + Question 6
Irregular sleep - wake type	Question 7/8 + Question 4 + Question 5 + Question 6

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Table 2

- Sleep disturbance in different group.

Variables	Total (N)	Difficulties initiating sleep	Difficulties maintaining sleep	Early awaking	Insomnia	Subjective impairment	Irregular sleep-wake type
Gender
Male	652	307 (47.1)	252 (38.7)	258 (39.6)	155 (23.8)	249 (38.2)	145 (22.2)
Female	1321	420 (31.8)	332 (25.1)	336 (25.4)	157 (11.9)	350 (26.5)	133 (10.1)
P-values		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Higher education students
University	1138	458 (40.3)	377 (33.1)	379 (33.3)	217 (19.1)	388 (34.1)	194 (17.0)
College	835	268 (32.1)	207 (24.8)	215 (25.7)	95 (11.4)	211 (25.3)	84 (10.1)
P-values		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Undergrade year of study
Freshman	546	148 (27.1)	121 (22.2)	114 (20.9)	48 (8.8)	131 (24.0)	36 (6.6)
Sophomores/junior	940	300 (40.5)	229 (30.9)	237 (32.0)	128 (17.3)	233 (39.0)	115 (15.5)
Senior	487	279 (40.7)	234 (34.1)	243 (35.4)	136 (19.8)	235 (39.3)	121 (18.5)
P-values		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Depression history
Yes	126	59 (46.8)	52 (41.3)	48 (38.1)	26 (20.6)	48 (38.1)	27 (21.4)
No	1847	668 (36.2)	532 (28.8)	546 (29.6)	245 (13.3)	541 (29.3)	244 (13.2)
P-values		0.016	0.003	0.043	0.020	0.037	0.010
Academic stress
Yes	951	398 (41.8)	344 (36.2)	336 (35.3)	182 (19.1)	295 (31.0)	164 (17.2)
No	1022	329 (32.2)	240 (23.5)	258 (25.2)	130 (12.7)	240 (23.5)	114 (11.1)
P-values		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Major life events
Yes	796	312 (39.2)	262 (32.9)	271 (34.0)	142 (17.8)	263 (33.0)	127 (15.9)
No	1177	407 (34.6)	322 (27.4)	323 (27.4)	170 (14.4)	336 (28.5)	150 (12.7)
P-values		0.037	0.008	0.002	0.043	0.033	0.044
Bad bedroom environment
Yes	995	449 (45.1)	375 (37.7)	365 (36.7)	209 (21.0)	367 (36.9)	187 (18.7)
No	978	278 (28.4)	209 (21.4)	229 (23.4)	103 (10.5)	232 (23.7)	91 (9.3)
P-values		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

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Table 3

- The prevalence of sleep disturbance.

Sleep disturbance	Combined	In lockdown	After lift
Difficulties initiating sleep	727 (36.8)	459 (44.1)	268 (27.0)
Difficulties maintaining sleep	584 (29.6)	381 (36.6)	203 (20.4)
Early awaking	594 (30.1)	383 (36.8)	211 (21.2)
Insomnia	312 (15.8)	211 (20.9)	101 (10.2)
Subjective impairment	599 (30.4)	373 (35.9)	224 (22.6)
Irregular sleep-wake type	278 (14.0)	189 (18.2)	89 (9.0)
Total	981 (49.7)	605 (58.2)	376 (40.3)

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

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Table 4

- Sleep patterns of university and college students.

Sleep patterns	n (%)
Sleep time
<22:00	307 (15.6)
22:00≤T<24:00	1173 (59.4)
24:00≤T<2:00	451 (22.9)
≥2:00	42 (2.1)
Sleep latency
<30 minutes	1034 (52.4)
30≤T<60 minutes	461 (23.4)
60≤T<120 minutes	348 (17.6)
≥120 minutes	130 (6.6)
Sleep duration
≤5 hours	100 (5.1)
5<T<7 hours	261 (13.2)
7≤T≤9 hours	1501 (76.1)
>9 hours	111 (5.6)

Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%).

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Table 5

- Medical care requests of college students with sleep disturbance.

Items	n (%)
Have medical care requests for sleep disturbance?
Yes	470 (47.9)
No	511 (52.1)
*Main reason of no medical care requests^{^†^}**
Negligence for sleep disturbance	178 (34.8)
Concerns on curative effect	299 (58.5)
Economic pressure	350 (68.5)
Academic pressure	289 (56.6)
Lacking access to medical care	384 (75.1)
Interest and preference for sleep intervention^{^}**
Drug therapy	104 (22.1)
Cognitive behavioral therapy	163 (34.7)
Physical therapy	78 (16.6)
Traditional Chinese medicine therapy	85 (18.1)
Comprehensive treatment	40 (8.5)