Abstract
Objectives: To examined the efficacy and safety of Peng’s Shengjing recipe in treating asthenospermia with deficiency and failure of kidney yang. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Peng’s Shengjing recipe might have benefits in treating male asthenospermia.
Methods: This randomized, positive drug-controlled, single-blind pilot study enrolled outpatients from the Third Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, between April 2020 and September 2020. A total of 99 participants were randomized to Shengjing recipe (n=50) and Xuanju capsule (n=49). They were treated for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was routine semen examinations, including the percentage of sperm motility rated grade A, A+B, and A+B+C, and the clinical effective rate. The secondary endpoints were the levels of gonadotropins.
Results: The A grade sperms (18.9% versus [vs.] 13.9%, p=0.030) and A+B grade sperms (42.9% vs. 32.7%, p<0.001) were higher in the Shengjing recipe group than the Xuanju capsule group. The effective rates were 68% and 53.1% in the Shengjing recipe and Xuanju capsule groups (p=0.128). No safety signals were observed.
Conclusion: Peng’s Shengjing recipe improves the quality of sperms and is effective in treating clinical asthenospermia of deficiency of kidney yang. The treatment was well tolerated, without obvious hepatorenal toxicity.
Chinese Clinical Research Registry No.: ChiCTR2000030845
The worldwide incidence of infertility for reproductive-aged couples is approximately 15%.1,2 In the United States, male factor infertility may affect approximately 9% of men aged 15-44. Male factors alone are involved in approximately 30% of infertile couples.3 In Western countries, the interventions for managing male infertility mainly aim to improve semen quality. The interventions included changes in lifestyle habits (changes in diet, smoking cessation, reducing alcohol exposure, exercise, weight loss, avoiding lubricants, and avoiding increased scrotal temperature), antioxidant supplementation, hormones or antihormones to correct hormonal imbalances, varicocele repair, and sperm retrieval for in vitro fertilization.1,4 Still, these methods cannot achieve fertility in all patients.1
Asthenospermia refers to decreased sperm count and motility.1 In China, Liu et al5 and Huang et al6 showed that semen quality declined in sperm donors in the past 2 decades. Male infertility corresponds to the category of “childless, cold sperm, seed, and not male” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).7,8 If kidney yang is insufficient, the kidney loses warmth, semen becomes thin, the sperm count decreases, and the sperm activity is low, resulting in asthenospermia.9,10 Therefore, the TCM treatment of male infertility should focus on warming and tonifying kidney yang, enriching kidney essence, and fully stimulating the vitality of semen.7,8
Peng’s Shengjing recipe is mainly composed of the Mantis Egg-case, hive, rigid silkworm, burnt astragalus, codonopsis, atractylodes, rehmannia, cornus, and Yizhiren.11 The above drugs were used together to enhance the effect of sperm production. Sun et al11 showed that Peng’s Shengjing recipe could improve the parameters of asthenospermia. Basic experiments suggested that this effect might be related to the up-regulation of gonadotropins, including follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T).11 Research is necessary to determine the benefits of Peng’s Shengjing recipe in treating male asthenospermia.
Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of Peng’s Shengjing recipe in the treatment of male asthenospermia with kidney yang deficiency. The results could help provide more treatment options for asthenospermia patients with kidney yang deficiency.
Methods
The related studies on the subject was found through a search in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CKNI. Google was used to search the grey literature.
This randomized, positive drug-controlled, single-blind pilot study enrolled outpatients from the Third Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, between April and September 2020. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (approval number: 2018SHL-KYYS-16). All patients provided written informed consent before any study procedure. The work was carried out in accordance with the Institutional Review Board and carried out with the ethical standards set forth in the 1975 Helsinki Declaration.
The inclusion criteria were: i) 23-40 (inclusive) year-old male patient; ii) diagnosed with male infertility according to the diagnostic criteria of Western medicine;1 iii) met the classification standards of TCM for male infertility;8 iv) voluntarily participation; and v) no use of drugs related to male infertility within 30 days before treatment. The exclusion criteria were: i) azoospermia; ii) those with retrograde sperm drainage; iii) taking anti-epileptic or anti-tumor drugs that hinder sperm production and sperm motility; iv) congenital malformations, obstruction of the spermatic pathway, or testicular atrophy; v) immune infertility or varicocele; vi) orchitis; vii) epididymitis; viii) moderate and severe prostatitis; ix) genital surgery history; x) history of trauma that might affect fertility; xi) cardiovascular, liver, kidney, hematopoietic system, endocrine, immune, or genetic diseases; or xii) patients with mental diseases.
Asthenospermia due to kidney yang deficiency syndrome was defined as a loss of libido, low sperm count, low survival rate, weak motility, or poor ejaculation. The waist and knees are sore, tired, and weak, and the urine is long and clear. The tongue is pale, the coating is thin and white, and the pulse is heavy and thin.8
The dropout criteria were: i) participants with poor compliance (those who failed to follow the treatment as prescribed or use other treatment methods for male asthenospermia during the study) and ii) participants with serious adverse events (SAEs) during the study treatment.
The randomization sequence was prepared by a third-party statistician using a random number table and in the form of sealed sequential envelopes. The patient received the indicated treatment according to the opened envelopes. Only the patients were blind to grouping.
Peng’s Shengjing recipe was prepared using 18 grams (g) of Mantis egg case, 18 g of honeycomb, 18 g of rigid silkworm, 9 g of roasted astragalus, 9 g of codonopsis, 15 g of atractylodes, 15 g of rehmannia, 15 g of cornus, and 9 g of Yizhiren. The participants had to take 200 ml orally twice a day. A course of treatment was 12 weeks.
The control group received the compound Xuanju capsule (Z20060462, Zhejiang Shiqiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 0.42 g/capsule) 3 times a day, 3 capsules each time, orally. Previous studies showed that Xuanju capsules could increase sperm density, sperm motility, and sperm activity and reduce the rate of sperm deformity without obvious adverse events.9,12,13
The percentage of sperms rated grade A, A+B, and A+B+C, semen volume, and efficacy were recorded by routine semen examinations. Each semen collection was carried out by masturbation after 3-5 days of abstinence. Semen quality was evaluated using computer-aided, fully automatic semen analysis (CASA) technology. The items included sperm motility and other parameters according to international standards.14
Treatment efficacy was rated as 1-markedly effective (sperm motility was normal after treatment), 2-effective (improvement of sperm motility to >30% for grade A+B and clinical symptoms improved), or 3-invalid (sperm motility <30% for grade A or A+B or no change after treatment. The clinical effective rate was calculated as (significantly effective number + effective number) / total number of people treated × 100%. The levels of gonadotropins (FSH, luteinizing hormone [LH], and testosterone) in the 2 groups were recorded before and after treatment.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, asthenospermia was defined as sperm motility rated <25% for class A or rated <50% for class A+B.14 The primary endpoint was the results of routine semen examinations, including the percentage of sperm motility rated grade A, A+B, and A+B+C. The secondary endpoints were the clinical effective rate and the levels of gonadotropins (FSH, LH, and testosterone). The safety assessment indexes (creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were examined before and after treatment. The participants were followed up for 3 months after treatment by an attending surgeon with 10 years of experience in male infertility.
According to preliminary data, the clinical effective rate of Peng’s Shengjing recipe was approximately 60%, while the clinical effective rate of Fufang Xuanju capsule was approximately 40%. Therefore, the number of cases in each observation group was set as 30 cases/60%=50 cases.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using the Statsitical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The continuous variables with a normal distribution were presented as means ± standard deviations and analyzed using the independent-samples t-test (2-group comparisons). Otherwise, they were presented as medians (ranges) and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Continuous data from repeated measurements were statistically analyzed using repeated measurements analysis of variance. Categorical data were presented as numbers and precentages (%); they were analyzed using the Chi-square test. P-values of <0.05 were deemed statistically significant.
Results
A total of 123 outpatients were enrolled in this study from April to September 2020. Twenty-three participants were excluded due to complicated prostatitis (n=17) or varicocele (n=6). Therefore, 100 participants were randomized to Shengjing recipe (n=50) and Xuanju capsule (control group: n=50; Figure 1). One participant in the control group was lost to follow-up. Finally, 99 participants entered the analysis. Table 1 shows that the 2 groups were comparable in terms of grade A and A+B+C sperms, semen volume, FSH, testosterone, creatinine, and AST (all p>0.05), but the Shengjing recipe group had lower proportions of A+B grade sperms (21.3% versus [vs.] 28.9%, p=0.006), lower LH levels (4.09 vs. 5.5 mIU/mL, p=0.038), and lower ALT levels (21.1 vs. 32.09 IU/L, p<0.001).
- Patient flow chart.
- Characteristics of the patients (N=123).
After 12 weeks of treatment, in both groups, the sperm quality (grade A sperm and grade A+B sperm) had improved (all within-group p<0.05). The proportion of grade A and A+B sperms were higher in the Shengjing recipe group than in controls (A: 18.9% vs. 13.9%, p=0.030; A+B: 42.9% vs. 32.7%, p<0.001). The effective rates were 68% and 53.1% in the Shengjing recipe and control groups (p=0.128) (Table 2).
- Effectiveness and safety assessments (N=123).
In the Shengjing recipe group, FSH (4.46±1.90 vs. 6.42±2.07mIU/Ml, p<0.001), LH (4.21±2.36 vs. 5.65±2.4 mIU/mL, p=0.031), and testosterone (15.33±2.38 vs. 20.22±2.14 nmol/L, p<0.001) increased after the intervention. The FSH (6.42±2.07 vs. 5.50±2.39 mIU/Ml, p=0.015) and testosterone (20.22±2.14 vs. 15.93±2.06 nmol/L, p<0.001) were higher in the Shengjing recipe group compared with the control group. Time×group interactions were observed for LH (Ptime×group=0.019) and testosterone (ptime×group<0.001) but not for FSH (ptime×group=0.752) (Table 2).
The liver and kidney functions (blood creatinine, ALT, and AST) were not significantly different between the 2 groups (all p>0.05). The Peng’s Shengjing recipe group showed lower ALT (25.11±11.47 vs. 28.46±16.43 IU/L, p<0.001) and AST (29.64±11.55 vs. 36.84±11.15 IU/L, p=0.025) levels than the control group (Table 2). One patient in Peng’s Shengjing recipe group had epigastric discomfort after oral administration on an empty stomach, but it was relieved by itself. One patient in the control group had frequent loose stools, but it was relieved by itself. No patients discontinued treatment or had dose reduction during the whole study period.
Discussion
The TCM Peng’s Shengjing recipe might have benefits in treating male asthenospermia. This study suggests that Peng’s Shengjing recipe improves the proportions of grade A and grade A+B sperms in patients with clinical asthenospermia due to kidney yang deficiency and increases the FSH and T levels but shows lower ALT and AST levels than the control group (Xuanju capsule).
In Peng’s Shengjing recipe, the mantis egg case consolidates the essence and reduces urine, strengthens the kidney yang but not the heat, replenishes Qi and blood without affecting the diaphragm, and has the function of adjusting the dysfunction of multiple organs.15 Various TCM preparations strengthen the kidney and help yang use stiff silkworm, roasted astragalus, codonopsis, and cooked rehmannia as adjuvant drugs.15 Among them, stiff silkworm dispels wind and relieves spasms, resolves phlegm, and dispels congestion. Roasted astragalus and codonopsis have the functions of nourishing Qi and strengthening the kidney and spleen. Cooked rehmannia nourishes the blood and yin and fills the essence and marrow.15 Atractylodes macrocephala, common macrocarpium fruit, and Fructus alpiniae oxyphyllae are used as adjuvants. Atractylodes macrocephala invigorates the spleen and replenishes Qi. Common macrocarpium fruit tonifies the liver and kidney, astringes essence, and stops sweating. Fructus alpiniae oxyphyllae warms the kidney and consolidates the essence. The above drugs were used together to enhance the effect of sperm production.11
In the present study, Xuanju capsule, a classical TCM for male infertility, was used as positive control and showed improvements in grade A and A+B sperms.9,12,13 Shengjing recipe also improved grade A and A+B sperms, and to a greater extent than in the Xuanju capsule group. These results are supported by Sun et al,11 who showed improvements in sperm motility, concentration, and morphology after 12 weeks of treatment with Shengjing recipe in patients with oligoasthenospermia. Yang et al16 showed that Shengjing recipe could improve sperm density and motility, and increase the pregnancy rate. Similar results were observed by Song et al,17 Guo et al,18 Zhang et al,19 and Chen et al.20
These effects are also supported by animal studies that shed some light on the mechanisms of Shengjing recipe. Indeed, animal studies reported increased sperm quality and quantity when treated with the Shengjing recipe, including animal models of drug-induced asthenospermia.8,21-23 Yang et al24 showed that Shengjing recipe increased the production of nitric oxide in the rat testicles leading to an enhanced anti-oxidation power that is protective for the sperm. In addition, Shengjing recipe upregulates integrin α6/β1 expression through the PI3K/AKT pathway.25 Integrin α6/β1 is a determinant of sperm function.26
In the present study, Shengjing recipe increased the levels of FSH and T, but the exact clinical significance of these changes is unknown since the values were within the normal values at baseline and after treatment. Still, these changes were also observed in previous studies. Sun et al11 showed that Shengjing recipe could increase FSH and T levels. Chen et al20 showed that Shengjing recipe could increase FSH, LH, and T.
This study did not identify any safety signals using the Shengjing recipe. The kidney and liver parameters remained in the normal range. No obvious hepatorenal toxicity was recorded. This observation is supported by other studies of Shengjing recipe.11,16-20 The Shengjing recipe group had lower ALT and LH levels at baseline compared with the control group, but these differences disappeared after 12 weeks of treatment, and the ALT levels of all patients remained within the limits of normal. Hence, these results suggest that Peng’s Shengjing recipe is safe.
Study limitations
The study population was relatively small, but it complied with the initial power calculation. No placebo control group was included, preventing the observation of the absolute effect of the Shengjing recipe. The effect could only be observed relative to Xuanju capsule. An untreated group could not be included for ethical reasons because asthenospermia is a treatable condition using TCM and because all included participants were seeking fertility treatments. The pregnancy outcomes were not evaluated, but the present study was not powered to do so. The blood and semen parameters were limited, impairing a complete analysis of the beneficial effects of the Shengjing recipe. In TCM clinical practice, sperm concentration and normal sperm form are closely related to the traditional concept of “body fluid”. In addition, sperm viability and hormone levels in this study are related to the TCM concept of “kidney yang”, and the Chinese medicine prescription selected in this study was mainly for the treatment of patients with kidney yang deficiency. Therefore, sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology were not included in the observation indicators. Additional studies are necessary.
In conclusion, Peng’s Shengjing recipe improves the quality of sperm and shows effectiveness in patients with clinical asthenospermia due to kidney yang deficiency. The treatment was well tolerated, without obvious hepatorenal toxicity.
Acknowledgment
We thank all the medical staff at The Eighth Department of Surgery, The Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine for their help in the clinical case observation of this study. We thank Shanghai Research Institute of Qigong; Taiji Health Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Peng Peichu National Famous Chinese Medicine Studio for helping in the design and statistics of this study. We also would like to thank MedSci (www.edigitngmedsciencehealthcare.com) for the English language editing.
Footnotes
Disclosure. This study was supported by the Chinese Medicine Clinical Special Research Project of the Shanghai Health Commission (Grant No.: 201840134); and the Shanghai Three-Year Action Plan (2021-2023) for Further Accelerating the Inheritance, Innovation, and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine [Grant No.: ZY(2021-2023)-0105].
- Received November 24, 2022.
- Accepted January 18, 2023.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
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