Predictive value of triglycerides to high density lipoprotein ratio in patients with first attack of acute coronary syndrome

Abdullah S. Basuliman; Mohammed A. Malabarey; Fahad W. Abousamak; Bader Y. Alyousef; Saleh S. Alrabea; Rakan A. Alshabibi; Zohair A. Al Aseri

doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.4.20220928

References

1.↵
World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. [Updated 2023; cited 2022 Dec 22]. Available from: http://who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases
2.↵
1. Koncsos P,
2. Fülöp P,
3. Juhász I,
4. Bíró K,
5. Márk L,
6. Simonyi G, et al.
Changes in triglyceride, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128: 858–863.
OpenUrl
3.↵
1. Yuan S,
2. Pu T,
3. Wang Z,
4. Li L,
5. Gao P,
6. Zhang L, et al.
[Correlation between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio combined with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2022; 34: 274–279.
OpenUrl
4.↵
1. Wan GX,
2. Xia WB,
3. Ji LH,
4. Qin HL,
5. Zhang YG.
Triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio may serve as a useful predictor of major adverse coronary event in female revascularized ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485: 166–172.
OpenUrl PubMed
5.↵
1. Sultani R,
2. Tong DC,
3. Peverelle M,
4. Lee YS,
5. Baradi A,
6. Wilson AM.
Elevated triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio predicts long-term mortality in high-risk patients. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29: 414–421.
OpenUrl
6.↵
1. Quispe R,
2. Manalac RJ,
3. Faridi KF,
4. Blaha MJ,
5. Toth PP,
6. Kulkarni KR, et al.
Relationship of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio to the remainder of the lipid profile: The Very Large Database of Lipids-4 (VLDL-4) study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242: 243–250.
OpenUrl PubMed
7.↵
1. Masson W,
2. Siniawski D,
3. Lobo M,
4. Molinero G,
5. Huerín M.
Association between triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio and carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal middle-aged women. Endocrinol Nutr 2016; 63: 327–332.
OpenUrl
8.↵
1. Wen JH,
2. Zhong YY,
3. Wen ZG,
4. Kuang CQ,
5. Liao JR,
6. Chen LH, et al.
Triglyceride to HDL-C ratio and increased arterial stiffness in apparently healthy individuals. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 4342–4348.
OpenUrl
9.
1. Lee JS,
2. Chang PY,
3. Zhang Y,
4. Kizer JR,
5. Best LG,
6. Howard BV.
Triglyceride and HDL-C dyslipidemia and risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke by glycemic dysregulation status: the strong heart study. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 529–537.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
10.
1. Dogan C,
2. Bayram Z,
3. Karagoz A,
4. Bakal RB,
5. Erdogan E,
6. Yilmaz F, et al.
Is elevated triglyceride high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio a risk factor that causes acute coronary syndrome to appear earlier? Bratisl Lek Listy 2018; 119: 770–775.
OpenUrl
11.↵
1. Prasad M,
2. Sara J,
3. Widmer RJ,
4. Lennon R,
5. Lerman LO,
6. Lerman A.
Triglyceride and triglyceride/ HDL (high density lipoprotein) ratio predict major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8: e009442.
OpenUrl
12.↵
1. Gharipour M,
2. Sadeghi M,
3. Dianatkhah M,
4. Nezafati P,
5. Talaie M,
6. Oveisgharan S, et al.
Comparison between European and Iranian cutoff points of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in predicting cardiovascular disease outcomes. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10: 143–149.
OpenUrl
13.↵
1. Yang M,
2. Rigdon J,
3. Tsai SA.
Association of triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio with cardiometabolic outcomes. J Investig Med 2019; 67: 663–668.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
14.↵
1. Lelis DF,
2. Calzavara JV,
3. Santos RD,
4. Sposito AC,
5. Griep RH,
6. Barreto SM, et al.
Reference values for the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio and its association with cardiometabolic diseases in a mixed adult population: the ELSA-Brasil study. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15: 699–711.
OpenUrl
15.↵
1. Romero-Corral A,
2. Montori VM,
3. Somers VK,
4. Korinek J,
5. Thomas RJ,
6. Allison TG, et al.
Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 2006; 368: 666–678.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science
16.
1. Yusuf S,
2. Hawken S,
3. Ounpuu S,
4. Bautista L,
5. Franzosi MG,
6. Commerford P, et al
; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1640–1649.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science
17.↵
1. Zeller M,
2. Steg PG,
3. Ravisy J,
4. Lorgis L,
5. Laurent Y,
6. Sicard P, et al.
Relation between body mass index, waist circumference, and death after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008; 118: 482–490.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
18.↵
1. George NM,
2. Ramamoorthy L,
3. Satheesh S,
4. Jayapragasam KM.
Gender divides in the clinical profiles of patients with acute myocardial infarction at a tertiary care center in South India. J Family Community Med 2021; 28: 42–47.
OpenUrl
19.↵
1. Lichtman JH,
2. Leifheit EC,
3. Safdar B,
4. Bao H,
5. Krumholz HM,
6. Lorenze NP, et al.
Sex differences in the presentation and perception of symptoms among young patients with myocardial infarction: evidence from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of young AMI patients): Evidence from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of young AMI patients). Circulation 2018; 137: 781–790.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
20.↵
1. Hao Y,
2. Liu J,
3. Liu J,
4. Yang N,
5. Smith SC Jr.,
6. Huo Y, et al.
Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: findings from the CCC project. Circulation 2019; 139: 1776–1785.
OpenUrl PubMed
21.↵
Möller-Leimkühler AM. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2007; 9: 71–83.
OpenUrl PubMed
22.↵
1. Wadström BN,
2. Wulff AB,
3. Pedersen KM,
4. Jensen GB,
5. Nordestgaard BG.
Elevated remnant cholesterol increases the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic stroke: a cohort-based study. Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 3258–3269.
OpenUrl
23.
1. Kim YH,
2. Her AY,
3. Rha SW,
4. Choi CU,
5. Choi BG,
6. Kim JB, et al.
Comparison of clinical outcomes after non-ST-segment and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in diabetic and nondiabetic populations. J Clin Med 2022; 11: 5079.
OpenUrl
24.↵
1. Doi T,
2. Langsted A,
3. Nordestgaard BG.
Elevated remnant cholesterol reclassifies risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79: 2383–2397.
OpenUrl
25.↵
1. Zhao L,
2. Xin M,
3. Piao X,
4. Zhang S,
5. Li Y,
6. Cheng XW.
Prognostic implications of the admission cardiac troponin I levels and door-to-balloon time on clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2022; 18: 31–45.
OpenUrl
26.↵
1. Sia CH,
2. Zheng H,
3. Ho AF,
4. Bulluck H,
5. Chong J,
6. Foo D, et al.
The Lipid Paradox is present in ST-elevation but not in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: Insights from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 6799.
OpenUrl PubMed
27.↵
1. Hajian-Tilaki K,
2. Heidari B,
3. Bakhtiari A.
Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholestrol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios are predictors of cardiovascular risk in Iranian adults: evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study. Caspian J Intern Med 2020; 11: 53–61.
OpenUrl
28.↵
1. Kannel WB,
2. Sorlie P,
3. McNamara PM.
Prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 53–59.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science
29.↵
1. Yuan T,
2. Yang T,
3. Chen H,
4. Fu D,
5. Hu Y,
6. Wang J, et al.
New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2019; 20: 247–260.
OpenUrl
30.↵
1. Alotaibi A,
2. Perry L,
3. Gholizadeh L,
4. Al-Ganmi A.
Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: an overview. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7: 211–218.
OpenUrl PubMed

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. [Updated 2023; cited 2022 Dec 22]. Available from: http://who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases

[2] 2.↵
Koncsos P,
Fülöp P,
Juhász I,
Bíró K,
Márk L,
Simonyi G, et al.
Changes in triglyceride, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128: 858–863.
OpenUrl

[3] Koncsos P,

[4] Fülöp P,

[5] Juhász I,

[6] Bíró K,

[7] Márk L,

[8] Simonyi G, et al.

[9] 3.↵
Yuan S,
Pu T,
Wang Z,
Li L,
Gao P,
Zhang L, et al.
[Correlation between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio combined with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2022; 34: 274–279.
OpenUrl

[10] Yuan S,

[11] Pu T,

[12] Wang Z,

[13] Li L,

[14] Gao P,

[15] Zhang L, et al.

[16] 4.↵
Wan GX,
Xia WB,
Ji LH,
Qin HL,
Zhang YG.
Triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio may serve as a useful predictor of major adverse coronary event in female revascularized ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485: 166–172.
OpenUrl PubMed

[17] Wan GX,

[18] Xia WB,

[19] Ji LH,

[20] Qin HL,

[21] Zhang YG.

[22] 5.↵
Sultani R,
Tong DC,
Peverelle M,
Lee YS,
Baradi A,
Wilson AM.
Elevated triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio predicts long-term mortality in high-risk patients. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29: 414–421.
OpenUrl

[23] Sultani R,

[24] Tong DC,

[25] Peverelle M,

[26] Lee YS,

[27] Baradi A,

[28] Wilson AM.

[29] 6.↵
Quispe R,
Manalac RJ,
Faridi KF,
Blaha MJ,
Toth PP,
Kulkarni KR, et al.
Relationship of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio to the remainder of the lipid profile: The Very Large Database of Lipids-4 (VLDL-4) study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242: 243–250.
OpenUrl PubMed

[30] Quispe R,

[31] Manalac RJ,

[32] Faridi KF,

[33] Blaha MJ,

[34] Toth PP,

[35] Kulkarni KR, et al.

[36] 7.↵
Masson W,
Siniawski D,
Lobo M,
Molinero G,
Huerín M.
Association between triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio and carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal middle-aged women. Endocrinol Nutr 2016; 63: 327–332.
OpenUrl

[37] Masson W,

[38] Siniawski D,

[39] Lobo M,

[40] Molinero G,

[41] Huerín M.

[42] 8.↵
Wen JH,
Zhong YY,
Wen ZG,
Kuang CQ,
Liao JR,
Chen LH, et al.
Triglyceride to HDL-C ratio and increased arterial stiffness in apparently healthy individuals. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 4342–4348.
OpenUrl

[43] Wen JH,

[44] Zhong YY,

[45] Wen ZG,

[46] Kuang CQ,

[47] Liao JR,

[48] Chen LH, et al.

[49] 9.
Lee JS,
Chang PY,
Zhang Y,
Kizer JR,
Best LG,
Howard BV.
Triglyceride and HDL-C dyslipidemia and risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke by glycemic dysregulation status: the strong heart study. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 529–537.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[50] Lee JS,

[51] Chang PY,

[52] Zhang Y,

[53] Kizer JR,

[54] Best LG,

[55] Howard BV.

[56] 10.
Dogan C,
Bayram Z,
Karagoz A,
Bakal RB,
Erdogan E,
Yilmaz F, et al.
Is elevated triglyceride high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio a risk factor that causes acute coronary syndrome to appear earlier? Bratisl Lek Listy 2018; 119: 770–775.
OpenUrl

[57] Dogan C,

[58] Bayram Z,

[59] Karagoz A,

[60] Bakal RB,

[61] Erdogan E,

[62] Yilmaz F, et al.

[63] 11.↵
Prasad M,
Sara J,
Widmer RJ,
Lennon R,
Lerman LO,
Lerman A.
Triglyceride and triglyceride/ HDL (high density lipoprotein) ratio predict major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8: e009442.
OpenUrl

[64] Prasad M,

[65] Sara J,

[66] Widmer RJ,

[67] Lennon R,

[68] Lerman LO,

[69] Lerman A.

[70] 12.↵
Gharipour M,
Sadeghi M,
Dianatkhah M,
Nezafati P,
Talaie M,
Oveisgharan S, et al.
Comparison between European and Iranian cutoff points of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in predicting cardiovascular disease outcomes. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10: 143–149.
OpenUrl

[71] Gharipour M,

[72] Sadeghi M,

[73] Dianatkhah M,

[74] Nezafati P,

[75] Talaie M,

[76] Oveisgharan S, et al.

[77] 13.↵
Yang M,
Rigdon J,
Tsai SA.
Association of triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio with cardiometabolic outcomes. J Investig Med 2019; 67: 663–668.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[78] Yang M,

[79] Rigdon J,

[80] Tsai SA.

[81] 14.↵
Lelis DF,
Calzavara JV,
Santos RD,
Sposito AC,
Griep RH,
Barreto SM, et al.
Reference values for the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio and its association with cardiometabolic diseases in a mixed adult population: the ELSA-Brasil study. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15: 699–711.
OpenUrl

[82] Lelis DF,

[83] Calzavara JV,

[84] Santos RD,

[85] Sposito AC,

[86] Griep RH,

[87] Barreto SM, et al.

[88] 15.↵
Romero-Corral A,
Montori VM,
Somers VK,
Korinek J,
Thomas RJ,
Allison TG, et al.
Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 2006; 368: 666–678.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science

[89] Romero-Corral A,

[90] Montori VM,

[91] Somers VK,

[92] Korinek J,

[93] Thomas RJ,

[94] Allison TG, et al.

[95] 16.
Yusuf S,
Hawken S,
Ounpuu S,
Bautista L,
Franzosi MG,
Commerford P, et al
; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1640–1649.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science

[96] Yusuf S,

[97] Hawken S,

[98] Ounpuu S,

[99] Bautista L,

[100] Franzosi MG,

[101] Commerford P, et al

[102] 17.↵
Zeller M,
Steg PG,
Ravisy J,
Lorgis L,
Laurent Y,
Sicard P, et al.
Relation between body mass index, waist circumference, and death after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008; 118: 482–490.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[103] Zeller M,

[104] Steg PG,

[105] Ravisy J,

[106] Lorgis L,

[107] Laurent Y,

[108] Sicard P, et al.

[109] 18.↵
George NM,
Ramamoorthy L,
Satheesh S,
Jayapragasam KM.
Gender divides in the clinical profiles of patients with acute myocardial infarction at a tertiary care center in South India. J Family Community Med 2021; 28: 42–47.
OpenUrl

[110] George NM,

[111] Ramamoorthy L,

[112] Satheesh S,

[113] Jayapragasam KM.

[114] 19.↵
Lichtman JH,
Leifheit EC,
Safdar B,
Bao H,
Krumholz HM,
Lorenze NP, et al.
Sex differences in the presentation and perception of symptoms among young patients with myocardial infarction: evidence from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of young AMI patients): Evidence from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of young AMI patients). Circulation 2018; 137: 781–790.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[115] Lichtman JH,

[116] Leifheit EC,

[117] Safdar B,

[118] Bao H,

[119] Krumholz HM,

[120] Lorenze NP, et al.

[121] 20.↵
Hao Y,
Liu J,
Liu J,
Yang N,
Smith SC Jr.,
Huo Y, et al.
Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: findings from the CCC project. Circulation 2019; 139: 1776–1785.
OpenUrl PubMed

[122] Hao Y,

[123] Liu J,

[124] Liu J,

[125] Yang N,

[126] Smith SC Jr.,

[127] Huo Y, et al.

[128] 21.↵
Möller-Leimkühler AM. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2007; 9: 71–83.
OpenUrl PubMed

[129] 22.↵
Wadström BN,
Wulff AB,
Pedersen KM,
Jensen GB,
Nordestgaard BG.
Elevated remnant cholesterol increases the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic stroke: a cohort-based study. Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 3258–3269.
OpenUrl

[130] Wadström BN,

[131] Wulff AB,

[132] Pedersen KM,

[133] Jensen GB,

[134] Nordestgaard BG.

[135] 23.
Kim YH,
Her AY,
Rha SW,
Choi CU,
Choi BG,
Kim JB, et al.
Comparison of clinical outcomes after non-ST-segment and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in diabetic and nondiabetic populations. J Clin Med 2022; 11: 5079.
OpenUrl

[136] Kim YH,

[137] Her AY,

[138] Rha SW,

[139] Choi CU,

[140] Choi BG,

[141] Kim JB, et al.

[142] 24.↵
Doi T,
Langsted A,
Nordestgaard BG.
Elevated remnant cholesterol reclassifies risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79: 2383–2397.
OpenUrl

[143] Doi T,

[144] Langsted A,

[145] Nordestgaard BG.

[146] 25.↵
Zhao L,
Xin M,
Piao X,
Zhang S,
Li Y,
Cheng XW.
Prognostic implications of the admission cardiac troponin I levels and door-to-balloon time on clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2022; 18: 31–45.
OpenUrl

[147] Zhao L,

[148] Xin M,

[149] Piao X,

[150] Zhang S,

[151] Li Y,

[152] Cheng XW.

[153] 26.↵
Sia CH,
Zheng H,
Ho AF,
Bulluck H,
Chong J,
Foo D, et al.
The Lipid Paradox is present in ST-elevation but not in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: Insights from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 6799.
OpenUrl PubMed

[154] Sia CH,

[155] Zheng H,

[156] Ho AF,

[157] Bulluck H,

[158] Chong J,

[159] Foo D, et al.

[160] 27.↵
Hajian-Tilaki K,
Heidari B,
Bakhtiari A.
Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholestrol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios are predictors of cardiovascular risk in Iranian adults: evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study. Caspian J Intern Med 2020; 11: 53–61.
OpenUrl

[161] Hajian-Tilaki K,

[162] Heidari B,

[163] Bakhtiari A.

[164] 28.↵
Kannel WB,
Sorlie P,
McNamara PM.
Prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 53–59.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science

[165] Kannel WB,

[166] Sorlie P,

[167] McNamara PM.

[168] 29.↵
Yuan T,
Yang T,
Chen H,
Fu D,
Hu Y,
Wang J, et al.
New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2019; 20: 247–260.
OpenUrl

[169] Yuan T,

[170] Yang T,

[171] Chen H,

[172] Fu D,

[173] Hu Y,

[174] Wang J, et al.

[175] 30.↵
Alotaibi A,
Perry L,
Gholizadeh L,
Al-Ganmi A.
Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: an overview. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7: 211–218.
OpenUrl PubMed

[176] Alotaibi A,

[177] Perry L,

[178] Gholizadeh L,

[179] Al-Ganmi A.

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Predictive value of triglycerides to high density lipoprotein ratio in patients with first attack of acute coronary syndrome

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Predictive value of triglycerides to high density lipoprotein ratio in patients with first attack of acute coronary syndrome

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