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Tables
Characteristics SPI Mucosal Total n (%) n (%) n (%) Age 20-29 30 (31.6) 2 (40.0) 32 (32.0) 30-39 45 (47.4) 3 (60.0) 48 (48.0) 40 and over 20 (21.1) 0 (0) 20 (20.0) Gender Male 56 (58.9) 3 (60.0) 59 (59.0) Female 39 (41.1) 2 (40.0) 41 (41.0) Education High school and below 62 (65.2) 3 (60) 65 (65.0) Associate’s degree/bachelor’s degree 27 (28.4) 0 (0) 27 (27.0) Masters/doctorate 6 (6.4) 2 (40.0) 8 (8.0) Profession Physician 9 (9.5) 2 (40.0) 11 (11.0) Nurse/midwife/emergency medical technician 33 (34.7) 2 (40.0) 35 (35.0) Support staff/cleaning staff 50 (52.6) 1 (20.0) 51 (51.0) Other* 3 (3.2) 0 (0) 3 (3.0) Working unit Internal wards 26 (27.4) 1 (20.0) 27 (27.0) Surgical wards 18 (18.9) 1 (20.0) 19 (19.0) Internal intensive care units 7 (7.4) 0 (0) 7 (7.0) Surgical intensive care units 10 (10.5) 1 (20.0) 11 (11.0) Emergency unit 14 (14.7) 0 (0) 14 (14.0) Operating room 6 (6.3) 2 (40.0) 8 (8.0) Medical waste 4 (4.2) 0 (0) 4 (4.0) Other ** 10 (10.5) 0 (0) 10 (10.0) Worked shift Day (08:00 am-16:00 pm) 62 (65.3) 3 (60.0) 65 (65.0) Night (16:00 pm-08:00 am) 14 (14.7) 1 (20.0) 15 (15.0) 24 hours 19 (20.0) 1 (20.0) 20 (20.0) Total*** 95 (95.0) 5 (5) 100 (100) ↵* Patient registration (1), radiology technician (1), laboratory (1) ** Emergency laboratory (1), biomedical (1), laundry (1), experimental animals laboratory (1), radiology (4), sterilization unit (2)*** row %, SPI: sharps penetrating injury
Reasons n % Sharps penetrating injury Injury with a needle thrown into a garbage bag 23 23.0 Injury from a needle left exposed during cleaning 16 16.0 Injury when capping the needle 10 10.0 Injury while connecting IV line/IV cannula to the patient 7 7.0 Injury when throwing a needle into the sharps boxes 7 7.0 Injury while checking blood sugar 6 6.0 Injury with surgical suture needle in the operating room 5 5.0 Injury while taking blood from the patient 4 4.0 Injury with scalpel 4 4.0 Injury while injecting 3 3.0 By accident while in my colleague’s hands 1 1.0 Other* 9 9.0 Mucosal exposure The nose, eyes, oral mucosa exposure with blood or body fluids 5 5.0 Total 100 100 ↵* glass incision (2), injury by the sharp edge of the device probe (1), ingrown nail (3), hand cut by the examination table (1), wire sinking (1), sinking of the cutter during load lowering (1)
Items Never Seldom Sometimes Always n % n % n % n % I wash my hands between patient contacts. 2 (2.0) 2 (2.0) 5 (5.0) 91 (91.0) I only use water for hand washing. 13 (13.0) 3 (3.0) 5 (5.0) 79 (79.0) I use alcoholic hand rubs as an alternative if my hands are not visibly soiled. 30 (30.0) 15 (15.0) 11 (11.0) 44 (44.0) I recap used needles after giving an injection. 55 (55.0) 6 (6.0) 4 (4.0) 35 (35.0) I put used sharps articles into sharps boxes. 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) 99 (99.0) The sharps box is discarded only when it is full. 42 (42.0) 3 (3.0) 2 (2.0) 53 (53.0) I remove personal protective equipment (PPE) in a designated area. 20 (20.0) 5 (5.0) 5 (5.0) 70 (70.0) I take a shower in case of extensive splashing even after I have put on personal protective equipment (PPE). 5 (5.0) 7 (7.0) 4 (4.0) 84 (84.0) I cover my wound(s) or lesion(s) with a waterproof dressing before patient contact. 6 (6.0) 6 (6.0) 6 (6.0) 82 (82.0) I wear gloves when I am exposed to body fluids, blood products, and any excretion of patients. 1 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 99 (99.0) I change gloves between patient contacts. 0 (0.0) 2 (2.0) 2 (2.0) 96 (96.0) I decontaminate my hands immediately after removal of gloves. 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 99 (99.0) I wear a surgical mask alone or in combination with goggles, face shield, and apron whenever there is a possibility of a splash or splatter. 8 (8.0) 10 (10.0) 7 (7.0) 75 (75.0) My mouth and nose are covered when I wear a mask. 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 100 (100.0) I reuse a surgical mask or disposable personal protective equipment (PPE). 14 (14.0) 4 (4.0) 6 (6.0) 76 (76.0) I wear a gown or apron when exposed to blood, body fluids, or any patient excretions. 4 (4.0) 7 (7.0) 8 (8.0) 81 (81.0) Waste contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretion, and excretion is placed in red plastic bags irrespective of the patient’s infection status. 3 (3.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) 96 (96.0) I decontaminate surfaces and equipment after use. 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) 3 (3.0) 96 (96.0) I wear gloves to decontaminate used equipment that is visibly soiled. 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) 99 (99.0) I clean up spillage of blood or other body fluids immediately with disinfectants. 10 (10.0) 3 (3.0) 3 (3.0) 84 (84.0) - Table 4
- The scale of compliance with standard precautions scores according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.
Characteristics mean±SD P-value*** Age 20-29 16.63±2.24 0.846 30-39 16.21±2.59 40 and over 16.40±2.30 Gender Male 16.15±2.44 0.227 Female 16.71±2.35 Marital status Married 16.47±2.26 0.731 Single 16.19±2.74 Education Under high school 15.96±2.50 0.240 High school 16.95±1.87 University and above 16.09±2.7 Profession Physician 16.09±2.80 0.961 Nurse/midwife/emergency medical technician 16.29±2.56 Support staff/cleaning staff 16.51±2.24 Other* 16.33±3.05 Working unit Internal wards 15.67±2.32 0.082 Surgical wards 16.86±1.46 Internal intensive care units 16.84±2.65 Surgical intensive care units 17.82±1.53 Emergency unit 15.86±2.34 Operating room 17.13±3.52 Medical waste 15.50±2.38 Other ** 16.00±2.16 Worked shift Day (08:00 am-16:00 pm) 16.28±2.55 0.789 Night (16:00 pm-08:00 am) 16.80±2.07 24 hours 16.40±2.21 Work experiences (year) ≤ 5 16.47±2.26 0.675 6≤10 16.58±2.36 >10 15.87±2.74 ↵* Patient registration (1), radiology technician (1), laboratory (1) **Emergency laboratory (1), biomedical (1), laundry (1), experimental animals laboratory (1), radiology (4), sterilization unit (2) ***: p>0.05 difference is not significant.
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