Antenatal steroid as an independent risk factor for vitamin K2 deficiency in newborns: A Chinese single-center, retrospective study

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Figure 1
- Comparison of vitamin K2 level in case and control group.
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Figure 2
- Adjusted odds ratios for calculating risk factors for vitamin K2 deficiency using multivariate logistic regression analysis. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Table 1

- Baseline characteristics of mothers and neonates between 2 groups.

Characteristic	Case (n=66)	Control (n=134)	P-value
Gestational age (week)^{^a}	35.1±3.27	35±3.72	0.818
<28 week	0 (0)	5 (3.7)
<32 week	8 (12)	20 (14.9)
<37 week	35 (53)	31 (23)
≥37 week	23 (34.8)	78 (58)
Birthweight (kg)^{^a}	2.28±0.68	2.32±0.81	0.744
<1kg	1 (1.5)	5 (3.7)
<1.5kg	5 (7.5)	19 (14.1)
<2.5kg	37 (56)	52 (38.8)
≥2.5kg	23 (35)	58 (43.4)
Gender male, n (%)	42 (63.6)	79 (58.9)	0.524
Caesarean section	50 (75.7)	68 (50.7)	0.001^**
Twins or multiplets	10 (15.1)	12 (8.9)	0.232
Intrauterine distress	8 (29.0)	12 (23.1)	0.483
SGA, n (%)	12 (18.1)	6 (4.47)	0.001^**
Vitamin K2 level(ng/mL)^{^a}	0.05±0.025	0.446±0.18	0.000^**
Apgar score at 1 min^{^b}	10(9, 10)	10(8, 10)	0.849
Apgar score at 5 min^{^b}	10(10, 10)	10(10, 10)	0.489
Apgar score at 5 min^{^b}	10(10, 10)	10(10, 10)	0.914
PT(S)^{^a}	15.18±0.29	14.98±0.24	0.621
APTT(S)^{^a}	53.59±1.41	54.36±1.25	0.943
FIB (g/L)^{^b}	1.57 (1.25, 1.98)	1.6(1.25, 2.6)	0.385
Blood glucose (mmol/L)^{^a}	4.3±0.18	4.4±0.14	0.567
Serum Ca(mmol/L)^{^a}	1.05±0.21	1.09±0.28	0.268
Serum P(mmol/L)^{^a}	1.95±0.21	1.95±0.223	0.837
Maternal, n (%)
Maternal age (year)^{^b}	31 (27, 33)	30 (26, 34)	0.227
PROM	18 (27.3)	17 (12.7)	0.011^*
Placental abnormality	6 (9.1)	5 (3.7)	0.118
Antenatal steroid	25 (37.9)	13 (9.7)	0.000^**
Gestational diabetes	17 (25.8)	15 (11.2)	0.008^**
Preeclampsia/eclampsia	5 (7.5)	10 (7.4)	0.9

SGA: small-for-gestational age, PT: prothrombin time, APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time, FIB: fibrinogen. PROM: premature rupture of membranes, Ca: calcium, P: phosphatase.
↵^a Mean ± SD(standard deviation);
↵^b IQR: interquartile range,
↵* p<0.05,
↵** p<0.01.
Normal values: vitamin K2 level-(0.1-0.86 ng/ml); PT-(10.6-14.3s); APTT-(26-40s); FIB-(2-4g/L); blood glucose-(3.9-6.0mmol/L); serum Ca-(1.15-1.33mmol/L); serum P-(1.45-2.1mmol/L)

Table 2

- Univariate analysis of vitamin K2 deficiency.

Variables	ORs	95%CI	P-value
GA	0.99	0.91-1.077	0.817
Birthweight	1.068	0.721-1.581	0.742
Caesarean section	3.151	1.586-6.263	0.001^{^**}
SGA	4.898	1.74-13.78	0.003^{^**}
Serum Ca	2.066	0.562-7.588	0.275
Antenatal steroid	5.675	2.659-12.112	0.000^{^**}
Gestational diabetes	2.752	1.275-5.944	0.01^{^*}
PROM	2.581	1.278-5.426	0.012^{^*}

GA: gestational age, SGA: small-for-gestational age, PROM: premature rupture of membranes, ORs: odd ratios, CI: confidence interval.
↵* P<0.05
↵** P<0.01