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Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Human papillomavirus prevalence and dynamics

Insights from a 5-year population-based study in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Khalid H. Sait, Nisreen M. Anfinan, Hesham K. Sait and Hussain A. Basalamah
Saudi Medical Journal March 2024, 45 (3) 252-260; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2024.45.3.20230824
Khalid H. Sait
From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K. Sait, Anfinan, H. Sait, Basalamah), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Tom Baker Cancer Center (H. Sait), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
MBChB, FRCSC
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  • ORCID record for Khalid H. Sait
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Nisreen M. Anfinan
From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K. Sait, Anfinan, H. Sait, Basalamah), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Tom Baker Cancer Center (H. Sait), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
MBChB, SBOG
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Hesham K. Sait
From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K. Sait, Anfinan, H. Sait, Basalamah), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Tom Baker Cancer Center (H. Sait), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Hussain A. Basalamah
From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K. Sait, Anfinan, H. Sait, Basalamah), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Tom Baker Cancer Center (H. Sait), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
MBChB, SBOG
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  • Figure 1
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    Figure 1

    - Overview of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and clearance rates over a 5-year period.

Tables

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    • View popup
    Table 1

    - Participant’s demographic characteristics (N=5360).

    Parametern%
    Age  
    Years44.31±8.29
    Age at marriage  
    Years21.70±5.51
    Marriage duration  
    Years22.61±10.01
    Parameter  
    LevelMedianP75
    Parity  
    N (range: 0-8)46
    Marital status  
    Married495692.5
    Divorced2504.7
    Widowed1542.9
    Education  
    Illiterate2865.3
    Primary3646.8
    High school309657.8
    University161430.1
    Number of comorbidities*  
    0385671.9
    1101819.0
    23867.2
    >31001.9
    Smoking  
    No492891.9
    Yes4328.1
    Oral contraceptive use 
    No367268.5
    Yes168831.5
    Human papillomavirus vaccination  
    No535699.1
    Yes40.1
    Family history of cancer 
    None443882.8
    Yes99217.2
    Gynecological4879.1
    Non-gynecological4308.0
    Not specified50.1
    • ↵* hypertension 14%, diabetes mellitus 11.2%, thyroid 7.1%

    • View popup
    Table 2

    - Factors associated with cumulative human papillomavirus positivity.

    FactorsSerological status
    NegativePositiveP-value
    n%n%
    Age     
    Years44.39±8.2542.73±8.750.001*t
    Age at marriage     
    Years21.69±5.4821.94±5.970.468 t
    Marriage duration     
    Years22.71±9.9620.79±10.690.002*t
    Parameter     
    LevelMedianP75MedianP75 
    Parity     
    N46450.001*M
    Marital status     
    Married471695.22404.8 
    Divorced23092.0208.0 
    Widowed14896.163.90.067
    Education     
    Illiterate27696.5103.5 
    Primary35497.3102.7 
    High school294695.21504.8 
    University151894.1965.90.037*
    Number of comorbidities     
    0365294.72045.3 
    196694.9525.1 
    237697.4102.6 
    3+100100.000.00.013*
    Smoking     
    No468895.12404.9 
    Yes40694.0266.00.392
    Diabetes mellitus     
    No451094.72505.3 
    Yes58497.3162.70.006*
    Hypertension     
    No436894.82405.2 
    Yes72696.5263.50.040*
    Thyroid disease     
    No473295.02505.0 
    Yes36295.8164.20.498
    Oral contraceptive use     
    No349695.21764.8 
    Yes159894.7905.30.399
    HPV vaccination     
    No509095.02665.0 
    Yes4100.000.01.000F
    Family history of cancer     
    No421895.02205.0 
    Yes87695.0465.00.968
    Family history of cancer     
    No421895.02205.0 
    Gynecological46495.3234.7 
    Non-gynecological41294.7235.30.925

    Test used:

    • ↵t independent t-test,

    • ↵M: Mann-Whitney U test,

    • ↵F: Fisher’s exact test, otherwise, Chi square test was used,

    • ↵* statistical significance

    • View popup
    Table 3

    - Predictors of cumulative human papillomavirus positivity.

     Univariate modelMultivariate model
    PredictorOR95%CIP-valueOR95%CIP-value
    Age0.980.960.990.001*0.990.971.000.137
    Marriage duration1.010.991.030.467----
    Parity0.910.860.96<0.001*0.930.880.990.020*
    Education        
    IlliterateRef  0.040*----
    Primary0.780.321.900.584----
    High school1.410.732.700.306----
    University1.750.903.390.100----
    Number of comorbidities        
    0Ref  0.012*Ref  0.201
    10.960.701.320.8171.170.781.750.453
    2+0.380.200.710.003*0.620.251.520.295
    Diabetes mellitus        
    NoRef   Ref   
    Yes0.490.300.830.007*0.730.381.380.328
    Hypertension        
    NoRef   Ref   
    Yes0.650.430.980.042*0.920.531.610.772

    OR: Odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref (reference): category used a reference to calculate OR

    • ↵* Statistically significant result (p<0.05).

    • View popup
    Table 4

    - Factors associated with HPV clearance (N=254).

    FactorSeronegativation
    NoYesP-value
    n%n%
    Age45.8510.1341.918.250.008*t
    Age at marriage22.957.2821.785.620.249 t
    Marriage duration22.9011.4620.1310.430.130 t
    ParameterMedianP75MedianP75p-value
    Parity45.75350.639M
    Marital status     
    Married3214.019686.0 
    Divorced840.01260.00.005*
    Widowed00.06100.0
    Education     
    Illiterate440.0660.00.100
    Primary00.08100.0
    High school2416.212483.8
    University1213.67686.4
    Number of comorbidities    
    02613.416886.60.173
    11224.03876.0
    2220.0880.0
    Smoking     
    No3615.719484.31.000F
    Yes416.72083.3
    Diabetes mellitus     
    No4016.819883.2 
    Yes00.016100.00.084F
    Hypertension     
    No3414.819685.2 
    Yes625.01875.00.191
    Thyroid disease     
    No3615.120284.9 
    Yes425.01275.00.291F
    Oral contraceptive use     
    No2213.314486.7 
    Yes1820.57079.50.134
    Family history of cancer     
    None3617.117482.9 
    Yes49.14090.90.255F

    Test used:

    • ↵t independent t-test,

    • ↵M: Mann-Whitney U test,

    • ↵F: Fisher’s exact test, otherwise, Chi square test was used,

    • ↵* statistical significance

    • View popup
    Table 5

    - Predictors of human papillomavirus clearance.

     Univariate ModelMultivariate Model
    PredictorOR95%CIP-valueOR95% CIP-value
    Age0.950.920.990.009*0.950.920.990.012*
    Divorced status       
    NoRef   Ref   
    Yes0.240.090.630.004*0.240.090.650.005*

    OR: Odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref: category used a reference to calculate OR

    • ↵* Statistically significant result (p<0.05).

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Human papillomavirus prevalence and dynamics
Khalid H. Sait, Nisreen M. Anfinan, Hesham K. Sait, Hussain A. Basalamah
Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2024, 45 (3) 252-260; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.3.20230824

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Human papillomavirus prevalence and dynamics
Khalid H. Sait, Nisreen M. Anfinan, Hesham K. Sait, Hussain A. Basalamah
Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2024, 45 (3) 252-260; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.3.20230824
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Keywords

  • HPV prevalence
  • HPV dynamics
  • HPV clearance
  • Saudi Arabia

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