Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Flowchart of patient inclusion. HF: heart failure, WL: weight loss, MACEs: major adverse cardiac events
- Figure 2
- Survival curves in patients with and without significant weight loss. A) Major adverse cardiac events and B) re-hospitalization for heart failure. MACEs: major adverse cardiac events
Tables
Variables WL group (n=47) Non-WL group (n=144) P-values Age, years (median [IQR]) 38 (33-43) 38 (34-42) 0.889 Male 32 (68.1) 94 (65.3) 0.724 BMI, Kg/m2 31.3±4.9 28.6±2.9 <0.001 Etiology IHD 9 (19.1) 63 (43.8) 0.003 DCM 12 (25.5) 28 (19.4) 0.373 HYP 7 (19.1) 16 (11.1) 0.156 HCM 6 (12.8) 9 (6.3) 0.149 Other 11 (23.4) 20 (13.9) 0.125 NYHA class II 11 (23.4) 40 (27.8) 0.556 III 12 (25.5) 22 (15.3) 0.111 IV 24 (51.1) 82 (56.9) 0.481 Medical history Diabetes 28 (59.6) 72 (50.0) 0.254 Hyperlipidemia 25 (53.2) 70 (48.6) 0.586 Atrial fibrillation 15 (31.9) 48 (33.3) 0.857 OSAS 12 (25.5) 18 (12.5) 0.033 Malignant arrhythmias 1 (2.1) 9 (6.3) 0.271 Smoking 29 (61.7) 77 (53.5) 0.324 Alcohol 7 (14.9) 30 (20.8) 0.371 Systolic BP, mmHg 149.7±23.4 138.1±22.8 0.003 Diastolic BP, mmHg 88.7±17.7 82.3±17.5 0.031 Heart rate, beats/minute 93.4±24.7 85.6±23.1 0.058 Types of HF HFpEF 14 (29.8) 62 (43.1) 0.107 HFmrEF 14 (29.8) 27 (18.8) 0.110 HFrEF 19 (40.4) 55 (38.2) 0.785 Medication loop diuretics 40 (85.1) 132 (91.7) 0.192 β-blockers 42 (89.4) 119 (82.6) 0.271 ACEI/ARB 27 (57.4) 80 (55.6) 0.821 MRA 26 (55.3) 87 (60.4) 0.527 Digitalis 14 (29.8) 41 (28.5) 0.863 ARNI 7 (14.9) 22 (15.3) 0.949 Laboratory tests NT-proBNP, pg/ml 2393.4 (806.3-6268.6) 2609 (1046.1-5207) 0.852 Hemoglobin, g/L 128±22.5 130.4±23.6 0.527 Creatinine, umol/L 112.1±45 99.5±34.5 0.05 eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 105.8±50.1 100.9±33.8 0.14 Uric acid, umol/L 448.6±111.9 456.47±135.8 0.719 Total cholesterol, mmol/L 3.8±0.8 4±1.1 0.243 Triglycerides, mmol/L 1.3±0.7 1.6±1.3 0.129 LDL, mmol/L 2.2±0.6 2.2±0.9 0.851 HDL, mmol/L 1±0.3 1±0.3 0.962 AST, U/L 24.6±13.1 30.2±52.8 0.476 ALT, U/L 23.7±17.7 28.2±37.8 0.538 Albumin, g/L 35±4.7 35.6±4.9 0.466 Glucose, mmol/L 5.8±1.2 6.1±2.1 0.275 Echocardiography EF (%) 44.6±13.8 47.9±15.8 0.2 EAT thickness (mm) 6.4±1.4 6.2±1.5 0.366 LVEDD (mm) 56.9±8.4 57.2±9.8 0.811 LVESD (mm) 41.9±12.4 43.3±12.3 0.5 LA (mm) 47.4±7.1 45.4±6.7 0.08 RVD (mm) 36.4±6 35.1±6.7 0.239 IWT (mm) 11.5±2.7 11.4±2.4 0.8 PWT (mm) 10.6±2.1 11.3±9.8 0.608 Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%), mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range (IQR). WL: weight loss, BMI: body mass index, IHD: ischemic heart disease, DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy, HYP: hypertension, HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, NYHA: New York Heart Association, OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, BP: blood pressure, HF: heart failure, HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers, MRA: mineral corticoid receptor antagonist, ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL: low density lipoprotein, HDL: high density lipoprotein, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, EF: ejection fraction, EAT: epicardial adipose tissue, LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LA: left atrial diameter, RVD: right ventricle diameter, IWT: interventricular wall thickness, PWT: posterior wall thickness
- Table 2
- Incidence of major adverse cardiac events and other clinical outcomes in the weight loss and control groups.
Variables WL group Non-WL group χ2 P-values MACEs 5 (10.6) 42 (29.2) 6.557 0.01 Cardiac death 1 (2.1) 6 (4.2) 0.417 0.518 HF-rehospitalization 4 (8.5) 36 (25.0) 5.819 0.016 Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%). WL: weight loss, MACEs: major adverse cardiac events, HF: heart failure
- Table 3
- Multivariable Cox regression analysis for the predictors of heart failure re-hospitalization.
Variables B SE Wald HR 95% CI P-values Weight loss -1.14 0.54 4.58 0.32 (0.12-0.91) 0.032 Renal dysfunction 0.86 0.33 6.8 2.37 (1.24-4.54) 0.009 CAD 0.69 0.33 4.43 2.00 (1.05-3.82) 0.035 DM 0.8 0.34 5.65 2.22 (1.15-4.29) 0.017 CAD: coronary artery disease, DM: diabetes mellitus, B: beta, SE: standard error, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval
- Table 4
- Multivariable Cox regression analysis for the predictors of major adverse cardiac events.
Variables B SE Wald HR 95% CI P-values Weight loss -1.00 0.48 4.38 0.37 (0.14-0.94) 0.036 Renal dysfunction 0.94 0.30 9.73 2.55 (1.43-4.60) 0.002 Malignant arrhythmias 2.02 0.38 28.54 7.53 (3.59-15.78) <0.001 B: beta, SE: standard error, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval
