Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- The proportions of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) severity categories among patients under study.
Tables
- Table 1
- Demographic and diabetes-related characteristics by diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) severity.
Parameter Overall, N=156 DKA severity P-value Mild n=47 Moderate n=61 Severe n=48 Age category Infant 3 (1.9%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (4.2%) <0.001 Toddler 15 (9.6%) 1 (2.1%) 6 (9.8%) 8 (16.7%) Early childhood 33 (21.2%) 6 (12.8%) 18 (29.5%) 9 (18.8%) Middle childhood 84 (53.8%) 37 (78.7%) 26 (42.6%) 21 (43.8%) Early adolescence 21 (13.5%) 2 (4.3%) 11 (18.0%) 8 (16.7%) Gender Male 84 (54.5%) 25 (53.2%) 35 (58.3%) 24 (51.1%) 0.778 Female 70 (45.5%) 22 (46.8%) 25 (41.7%) 23 (48.9%) Nationality Saudi 80 (51.9%) 29 (61.7%) 32 (53.3%) 19 (40.4%) 0.108 Non-Saudi 74 (48.1%) 18 (38.3%) 28 (46.7%) 28 (59.6%) Economic status Good 83 (53.2%) 30 (63.8%) 33 (54.1%) 20 (41.7%) 0.096 Low 73 (46.8%) 17 (36.2%) 28 (45.9%) 28 (58.3%) - Table 2
- Clinical presentation, associated diseases, and diabetes ketoacidosis severity (DKA).
Parameter Overall, N=156 DKA severity P-value Mild n=47 Moderate n=61 Severe, n=8 Diabetes status Known 73 (47.1%) 25 (53.2%) 33 (54.1%) 15 (31.9%) 0.049 New 82 (52.9%) 22 (46.8%) 28 (45.9%) 32 (68.1%) Season Winter 34 (21.8%) 9 (19.1%) 13 (21.3%) 12 (25.0%) 0.190 Spring 28 (17.9%) 8 (17.0%) 14 (23.0%) 6 (12.5%) Summer 45 (28.8%) 11 (23.4%) 22 (36.1%) 12 (25.0%) Autumn 49 (31.4%) 19 (40.4%) 12 (19.7%) 18 (37.5%) DM duration of known T1DM patients Years 3.3 ± 2.5 3.5 ± 2.2 3.4 ± 2.8 2.9 ± 2.3 0.617 Glycemic control of known T1DM patients Good 1 (1.4%) 1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0.002 Average 14 (20.3%) 9 (42.9%) 5 (15.2%) 0 (0%) Poor 54 (78.3%) 11 (52.4%) 28 (84.8%) 15 (100%) Presence of associated chronic disease Yes 25 (16.0%) 9 (19.1%) 11 (18.0%) 5 (10.4%) 0.436 Type of associated chronic disease ADHD 6 (25.0%) 3 (37.5%) 2 (18.2%) 1 (20.0%) 0.829 Autism 2 (8.3%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (9.1%) 1 (20.0%) 0.682 Celiac disease 11 (45.8%) 5 (62.5%) 4 (36.4%) 2 (40.0%) 0.561 G6PD deficiency 2 (8.3%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (18.2%) 0 (0.0%) 0.681 Hypothyroidism 4 (16.7%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (18.2%) 2 (40.0%) 0.152 Down syndrome 1 (4.2%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (9.1%) 0 (0.0%) >0.999 CHD 1 (4.2%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (9.1%) 0 (0.0%) >0.999 Nephrotic syndrome 1 (4.2%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (9.1%) 0 (0.0%) >0.999 DKA duration <24 hrs.k; <24 hours 141 (90.4%) 47 (100%) 57 (93.4%) 37 (77.1%) <0.001 24 to 48 hours 14 (9.0%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (6.6%) 10 (20.8%) >48 hours 1 (0.6%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (2.1%) ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, CHD: congenital heart disease, T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Table 3
- Initial signs and symptoms, degree of dehydration, and diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) severity.
Parameter Overall N=156 DKA severity P-value Mild n=47 Moderate n=61 Severe n=48 Signs Kassmaul breathing 54 (34.6%) 4 (8.5%) 17 (27.9%) 33 (68.8%) <0.001 Tachycardia 97 (62.2%) 19 (40.4%) 35 (57.4%) 43 (89.6%) <0.001 Glasgow Coma Scale 14.6 ± 1.3 15.0 ± 0.0 14.9 ± 0.6 13.7 ± 2.0 <0.001 Fever 15 (9.6%) 3 (6.4%) 8 (13.1%) 4 (8.3%) 0.488 Polyphagia 9 (5.8%) 2 (4.3%) 5 (8.2%) 2 (4.2%) 0.69 Polydipsia 79 (51.0%) 22 (46.8%) 33 (55.0%) 24 (50.0%) 0.693 Polyuria 84 (53.8%) 24 (51.1%) 32 (52.5%) 28 (58.3%) 0.747 Blurry vision 7 (4.5%) 2 (4.3%) 2 (3.3%) 3 (6.3%) 0.887 Symptoms Decreased activity 97 (62.2%) 21 (44.7%) 34 (55.7%) 42 (87.5%) <0.001 Drowsiness 58 (37.4%) 7 (14.9%) 13 (21.7%) 38 (79.2%) <0.001 Shortness of breath 36 (23.1%) 1 (2.1%) 10 (16.4%) 25 (52.1%) <0.001 Vomiting 113 (72.4%) 24 (51.1%) 47 (77.0%) 42 (87.5%) <0.001 Convulsion 2 (1.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (4.2%) 0.183 Nausea 25 (16.0%) 4 (8.5%) 13 (21.3%) 8 (16.7%) 0.197 Diarrhea 13 (8.3%) 3 (6.4%) 6 (9.8%) 4 (8.3%) 0.934 Headache 14 (9.0%) 4 (8.5%) 5 (8.2%) 5 (10.4%) 0.939 Abdominal pain 100 (64.5%) 31 (66.0%) 38 (63.3%) 31 (64.6%) 0.961 Dehydration Mild 75 (48.4%) 37 (80.4%) 33 (54.1%) 5 (10.4%) <0.001 Moderate 43 (27.7%) 8 (17.4%) 21 (34.4%) 14 (29.2%) Severe 37 (23.9%) 1 (2.2%) 7 (11.5%) 29 (60.4%) Parameter Overall N=156 DKA severity P-value Mild n=47 Moderate n=61 Severe n=48 Corrected sodium Hyponatremia 40 (25.8%) 13 (27.7%) 18 (30.0%) 9 (18.8%) 0.001 Normal 102 (65.8%) 34 (72.3%) 40 (66.7%) 28 (58.3%) Hypernatremia 13 (8.4%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (3.3%) 11 (22.9%) Corrected sodium, mmol/L 138.0 ± 5.6 136.6 ± 4.2 137.2 ± 4.0 140.4 ± 7.4 0.004 Blood glucose, mg/dL 433.9 ± 106.4 408.7 ± 104.0 424.2 ± 106.4 470.8 ± 100.6 0.008 White blood cells, count/uL 15.2 ± 9.3 10.8 ± 5.9 11.6 ± 5.5 23.9 ± 10.1 <0.001 Hemoglobin g/dL 13.3 ± 1.6 13.2 ± 1.4 13.4 ± 1.7 13.5 ± 1.7 0.517 Platelet count, count/uL 429.8 ± 136.1 384.0 ± 120.4 414.7 ± 135.3 493.7 ± 130.3 <0.001
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.