Article Figures & Data
Tables
Factors n % Age (years) 41 (27-60.5)* BMI (kg/m2) 26.5 (23.6-29.5)* Gender Male 49 84.5% Female 9 15.5% Comorbidities Hypertension 16 27.6% Dyslipidemia 15 25.9% Diabetes mellitus 14 24.1% Neurological diseases 7 12.1% Coronary artery disease 6 10.3% Hypothyroidism 6 10.3% Chronic kidney disease 4 6.9% Psychiatric diseases 3 5.2% Previous episode of rhabdomyolysis 3 5.2% Baseline medications Statins 13 22.4% Recreational drugs** 12 20.7% Antipsychotics 6 10.3% Anti-epileptics 6 10.3% Antidepressants 1 1.7% Causes of rhabdomyolysis n % Medication-induced 26 44.8% Statins 13 22.4% Recreational drugs 9 15.5% Antipsychotics 4 6.9% Strenuous exercise 17 29.3% Infection 6 10.3% Trauma 5 8.6% Seizure 1 1.7% Post-operative 1 1.7% Hypernatremia/dehydration 1 1.7% Unknown 1 1.7% Complications of rhabdomyolysis Acute kidney injury 19 32.8% ICU admission 10 17.2% Acute liver failure 5 8.6% Need for dialysis 3 5.2% Compartment syndrome 1 1.7% Outcomes of rhabdomyolysis Length of hospital stay 5 (3-10.3) Death 5 8.6% ICU; intensive care unit
Factors n % Vital signs on admission Systolic blood pressure 125 (110-141) Diastolic blood pressure 68.5 (61-77) Heart rate 87.5 (73-109.3) Respiratory rate 20 (19-23) Oxygen saturation 97.5 (96-98) Clinical features of rhabdomyolysis Myalgia 37 63.8% Fatigue 22 37.9% Altered level of consciousness 14 24.1% Dark urine 10 17.2% Focal weakness 9 15.5% Gastrointestinal manifestations 7 12.1% Fever 7 12.1% Dizziness 5 8.6% Electrocardiograph changes 20 34.5% T Wave abnormality 5 8.6% Premature ventricular complexes 3 5.2% Left ventricular hypertrophy 3 5.2% Sinus tachycardia 3 5.2% First-degree AV block 2 3.45% Prolonged Q-T 2 3.45% Right bundle branch block 1 1.7% Short P-R interval 1 1.7% AV: atrioventricular
Factors Before Admission Admission Maximum Discharge CPK 99 (52.5 to 157.8) 6090 (1805 to 18962.8) 10218 (2700.8 to 29318) 692.5 (263.8 to 4908.3) Creatinine 74 (67.3 to 107.5) 102.5 (69.8 to 191.5) 103.5 (70.8 to 231.3) 69 (59 to 98.3) BUN 5.2 (3.8 to 7) 6.2 (3.9 to 10.9) 6.5 (4.3 to 14.5) 4.3 (2.8 to 6.9) eGFR 95 (61 to 128) 68 (32.8 to 116) 70.5 (22.8 to 125.5) 114 (71 to 146) Anion gap 15 (13 to 17) 16.5 (13.8 to 25) 17.5 (15.8 to 25.5) 13 (12 to 15) Uric acid 342.5 (277 to 444) 413.5 (295.5 to 598.3) 413.5 (302.3 to 659.8) 289 (185.5 to 393) Phosphorus 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7) 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) 1.1 (1 to 1.3) Potassium 4.2 (3.8 to 4.8) 4.3 (3.9 to 4.6) 4.6 (4.2 to 5.1) 3.9 (3.7 to 4.3) Albumin 41 (39 to 46.5) 42.5 (38.8 to 47.3) 34 (27.8 to 39.3) 36.5 (32.3 to 40) CPK: creatine phosphokinase, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate
- Table 5
- Comparison of the study cohort based on the development of complications (composite outcomes of death, acute kidney injury, acute liver failure, and/or multiorgan failure).
Characteristics No complications Complication P-value n % n % 37 63.8 21 36.2 Age (years) 37 (27-51) 49 (30-67) 0.086 Body mass index (kg/m2) 27 (23-28) 27 (24-30) 0.462 Gender Male 30 81.1% 19 90.5% 0.465 Female 7 18.9% 2 9.5% Hospital stay (days) 4 (3-6) 6 (3-14) 0.104 The most common comorbidities Hypertension 8 21.6% 8 38.1% 0.266 Dyslipidemia 8 21.6% 7 33.3% 0.363 Diabetes mellitus 9 24.3% 5 23.8% 1 Important laboratory values at different time intervals Median (IQR) Creatinine before admission (umol/l) 71 (66-77) 111 (74-125) 0.008 Creatinine on admission (umol/l) 77 (68-104) 217 (125-506) <0.001 Maximum creatinine (umol/l) 76 (68-104) 230 (132-505) <0.001 Creatinine on discharge (umol/l) 63 (59-70) 98 (69-144) 0.001 BUN before admission (mmol/l) 4 (4-5) 7 (5-9) 0.001 BUN on admission (mmol/l) 5 (5-6) 11 (9-20) <0.001 Maximum BUN (mmol/l) 5 (4-7) 14 (9-21) <0.001 BUN on discharge (mmol/l) 4 (3-5) 7 (5-9) 0.002 eGFR before admission (ml/min/1.73m2) 107 (83-131) 61 (42-95) 0.008 eGFR on admission (ml/min/1.73m2) 99 (67-128) 33 (14-50) <0.001 Lowest eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) 101 (67-131) 23 (12-49) <0.001 eGFR on discharge (ml/min/1.73m2) 133 (102-151) 76 (46-115) 0.006 CPK on admission (IU/L) 8033 (2221-20042) 4878 (1607-16180) 0.288 Maximum CPK (IU/L) 10440 (2830-37325) 9910 (2664-25244) 0.764 CPK on discharge (IU/L) 731 (302-5136) 480 (230-3220) 0.417 Uric acid on admission (umol/l) 362 (287-488) 518 (378-1064) 0.007 Maximum uic acid (umol/l) 390 (287-530) 572 (378-1077) 0.01 Uric acid on discharge (umol/l) 289 (187-376) 305 (186-408) 0.966 Anion gap on admission (mmol/l) 15 (13-18) 25 (16-29) 0.001 Maximum anion gap (mmol/l) 17 (15-19) 25 (17-29) 0.005 Anion gap on discharge (mmol/l) 14 (12-15) 13 (17-29) 0.197 Albumin on admission (g/l) 44 (40-46) 40 (36-52) 0.674 Lowest albumin (g/l) 36 (33-40) 28 (23-35) 0.001 Albumin on discharge (g/l) 39 (36-40) 34 (30-39) 0.006 BUN: blood urea nitrogen, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase
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