Impact of sarcopenia and vitamin D levels on the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms in older males

Article Figures & Data

Download figure
Open in new tab
Download powerpoint
Figure 1
- Associations of serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels with lower urinary tract symptoms severity. LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms

Table 1

- Main features of the patients based on the lower urinary tract symptoms severity.

Variables	All patients (N=193)	Mild symptoms (n=84)	Moderate to severe symptoms (n=109)	P-values
Median age	71 (66-77)	70 (65-73.7)	73 (67-79)	<0.001
Age groups
<70	73 (37.8)	40 (47.6)	33 (30.3)	0.006
70-74	53 (27.5)	25 (29.8)	28 (25.7)
≥75	67 (34.7)	19 (22.6)	48 (44.0)
Marital status
Married	176 (91.2)	75 (89.3)	101 (92.7)	0.138
Single	3 (1.6)	3 (3.6)	0 (0.0)
Widow	14 (7.3)	6 (7.1)	8 (7.3)
Tobacco use
Non-smoker	75 (38.9)	38 (45.2)	37 (33.9)	0.189
Ex-smoker	33 (17.1)	31 (36.9)	54 (49.5)
Active smoker	85 (44.0)	15 (17.9)	18 (16.5)
BMI (kg/m²)	27.5 (25.1-30.4)	27.5 (25.2-31.1)	27.4 (24.9-30)	0.509
UAC (cm)	27 (25-29)	28 (26-29.7)	27 (24-29)	0.090
CC (cm)	36 (33-38)	36 (34-38)	35 (33-38)	0.048
CCI	4 (3-5)	3 (2.3-4)	4 (3-5)	0.002
BPH	69 (35.8)	19 (22.6)	50 (45.9)	<0.001

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%) or medians (interquartile range [IQR]). BMI: body mass index, BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia, CC: calf circumference, CCI: Charlson comorbidity index, UAC: upper arm circumference

Table 2

- Comprehensive geriatric assessment results according to the lower urinary tract symptoms severity.

Variables	All patients (n=193)	Mild symptoms (n=84)	Moderate to severe symptoms (n=109)	P-values
Polypharmacy	83 (43.0)	29 (34.5)	54 (49.5)	0.037
ADL disability	51 (26.4)	11 (13.1)	40 (36.7)	<0.001
IADL disability	34 (17.6)	7 (8.3)	27 (24.8)	0.003
Fall in the last year	35 (18.1)	10 (11.9)	25 (22.9)	0.049
Malnutrition
Malnutrition risk	12 (6.2)	4 (4.8)	8 (7.3)	0.065
Malnutrition	6 (3.1)	0 (0.0)	6 (5.5)	0.065
Depression	38 (19.7)	7 (8.3)	31 (28.4)	<0.001
Cognitive dysfunction	48 (24.9)	18 (21.4)	30 (27.5)	0.332
Urinary incontinance	47 (24.4)	10 (11.9)	37 (33.9)	<0.001
Sarcopenia	48 (24.9)	14 (16.7)	34 (31.2)	0.021
Severe sarcopenia	45 (23.3)	12 (14.3)	33 (30.3)	0.027
Muscle strength (kg)	30 (24.4-35.7)	31.1 (27.8-35.8)	29.3 (23.1-35.7)	0.045
Dynapenia	115 (59.6)	48 (57.1)	67 (61.5)	0.544
Gait speed (m/sec.)	0.57 (0.5-0.67)	0.67 (0.57-0.67)	0.57 (0.50-0.67)	0.007
Low physical performance	173 (89.6)	73 (86.9)	100 (91.7)	0.274
SMMI (kg/m²)	10.2 (9.2-11.2)	10.4 (9.5-11.4)	10.1 (8.8-11.1)	0.028

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%) or medians (interquartile range [IQR]). ADL: activities of daily living, IADL: instrumental activities of daily living, SMMI: skeletal muscle mass index

Table 3

- The 25 (OH) vitamin D levels and other laboratory results according to the lower urinary tract symptoms severity.

Variables	Mild symptoms (n=84)	Moderate to severe symptoms (n=109)	P-values
25 (OH) vitamin D (ng/mL)	13.3 (8.3-22.1)	10.7 (7.3-16.5)	0.027
25 (OH) vitamin D quartiles
1^st quartile	17 (20.2)	32 (29.4)	0.023^*
2^nd quartile	17 (20.2)	31 (28.4)
3^rd quartile	24 (28.6)	24 (22.0)
4^th quartile	26 (31.0)	22 (20.2)
Total testosterone level (ng/dL)	317 (257-390)	315 (266-401)	0.819
Total PSA ng/mL	1.24 (0.73-2.62)	1.71 (0.99-3.23)	0.116
Serum calcium (mg/dL)	9.5 (9.2-9.7)	9.4 (9.2-9.7)	0.603
Sedimentation rate, mm/hr	8 (5-23)	10 (6-22)	0.353
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	3.5 (1.3-9.7)	3.7 (1.8-9.2)	0.445

Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%) or medians (interquartile range [IQR]).
↵* P-value for trend across quartiles. PSA: prostate specific antigen

Table 4

- Results of univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors of lower urinary tract symptoms severity.

Variables (reference group)	Univariate		Multivariate
Variables (reference group)	OR (95% CI)	P-values	OR (95% CI)	P-values
Age (continuous)	1.10 (1.05-1.15)	<0.001	1.08 (1.03-1.15)	0.005
CCI (continuous)	1.46 (1.16-1.83)	0.001	1.27 (0.97-1.66)	0.078
25 (OH) vitamin D level (continuous)	0.97 (0.95-0.10)	0.037	0.95 (0.92-0.98)	0.002
Sarcopenia (present vs. absent)	2.27 (1.12-4.58)	0.022	2.04 (0.94-4.45)	0.070