Epidemiology, clinical profiles, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections: Insights from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia

Raghad T. Alhuthil; Raghad M. Hijazi; Ohoud A. Alyabes; Mohammed A. Alsuhaibani; Deema A. Gashgarey; Ibrahim M. Binsalamah; Mohammed A. Aldahmash; Salem M. Alghamdi; Esam A. Albanyan; Suliman A. Aljumaah; Sami H. Al-Hajjar

doi:10.15537/smj.2024.45.8.20240279

References

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1. Lau SK,
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4. Curreem SO,
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6. Teng JL, et al.
Elizabethkingia anophelis bacteremia is associated with clinically significant infections and high mortality. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 26045.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
2.↵
1. Lin JN,
2. Lai CH,
3. Yang CH,
4. Huang YH
. Elizabethkingia infections in humans: from genomics to clinics. Microorganisms 2019; 7: 295.
OpenUrl
3.
1. Lin JN,
2. Lai CH,
3. Yang CH,
4. Huang YH
. Comparison of clinical manifestations, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and mutations of fluoroquinolone target genes between Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and Elizabethkingia anophelis isolated in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2018; 7: 538.
OpenUrl
4.↵
1. Alyami AM,
2. Kaabia NM,
3. AlQasim MA,
4. Al Doghaim FS,
5. Albehlal LB,
6. Ahmed MA, et al.
Chryseobacterium/Elizabethkingia species infections in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41: 309-313.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
5.↵
1. Choi MH,
2. Kim M,
3. Jeong SJ,
4. Choi JY,
5. Lee IY,
6. Yong TS, et al.
Risk factors for Elizabethkingia acquisition and clinical characteristics of patients, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25: 42-51.
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6.↵
1. Ma S,
2. Gong Y,
3. Luo X,
4. Peng Y,
5. Zhang C,
6. Zhang X, et al.
Emerging prevalence and clinical features of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infection in Southwest China: a 9-year retrospective study and systematic review. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16: 531-543.
OpenUrl
7.↵
1. Balm MN,
2. Salmon S,
3. Jureen R,
4. Teo C,
5. Mahdi R,
6. Seetoh T, et al.
Bad design, bad practices, bad bugs: frustrations in controlling an outbreak of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2013; 85: 134-140.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
8.↵
1. Nori P,
2. Cowman K,
3. Chen V,
4. Bartash R,
5. Szymczak W,
6. Madaline T, et al.
Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the New York City pandemic surge. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 42: 84-88.
OpenUrl
9.↵
1. Hayek SS,
2. Abd TT,
3. Cribbs SK,
4. Anderson AM,
5. Melendez A,
6. Kobayashi M, et al.
Rare Elizabethkingia meningosepticum meningitis case in an immunocompetent adult. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2: e17.
OpenUrl
10.
1. Sebastiampillai BS,
2. Luke NV,
3. Silva S,
4. De Silva ST,
5. Premaratna R
. Septicaemia caused by Elizabethkingia-sp in a ‘healthy’ Sri Lankan man. Trop Doct 2018; 48: 62-63.
OpenUrl
11.↵
1. Yang C,
2. Liu Z,
3. Yu S,
4. Ye K,
5. Li X,
6. Shen D
. Comparison of 3 species of Elizabethkingia genus by whole-genome sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368: fnab018.
12.↵
1. Zajmi A,
2. Teo J,
3. Yeo CC
. Epidemiology and characteristics of Elizabethkingia spp. infections in Southeast Asia. Microorganisms 2022; 10: 882.
OpenUrl
13.↵
1. Jean SS,
2. Hsieh TC,
3. Ning YZ,
4. Hsueh PR
. Role of vancomycin in the treatment of bacteraemia and meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50: 507-511.
OpenUrl CrossRef
14.↵
1. Amer MZ,
2. Bandey M,
3. Bukhari A,
4. Nemenqani D
. Neonatal meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5: 745-747.
OpenUrl PubMed
15.
1. Musalem HM,
2. Honjol YN,
3. Tuleimat LM,
4. Al Abbad SI,
5. Alsohaibani FI
. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a case of biliary tract infection following liver transplantation. Am J Case Rep 2017; 18: 1014-1019.
OpenUrl
16.
1. Bazzi AM,
2. Rabaan AA,
3. Al-Tawfiq J
. Microbiology of Elizabethkingia spp. isolates in hospitalized patients. Infez Med 2019; 27: 284-289.
OpenUrl
17.
1. AlSehli FA,
2. Alsaeed NS,
3. Rajah AT,
4. AlSaif S
. Clinical course of a case of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a critical neonate at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. SJCP 2022; 1: 75-78.
OpenUrl
18.
1. Aldoghaim FS,
2. Kaabia N,
3. Alyami AM,
4. Alqasim MA,
5. Ahmed MA,
6. Al Aidaroos A, et al.
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Chryseobacterium meningosepticum) bacteraemia: a series of 12 cases at Prince Sultan Military Medical City KSA. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 32: 100617.
OpenUrl
19.
1. Barnawi AI,
2. Kordy FN,
3. Almuwallad OK,
4. Kassarah KA
. Early neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41: 753-756.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
20.↵
1. Idrees M,
2. Noorani MY,
3. Altaf KU,
4. Alatawi EA,
5. Aba Alkhayl FF,
6. Allemailem KS, et al.
Core-proteomics-based annotation of antigenic targets and reverse-vaccinology-assisted design of ensemble immunogen against the emerging nosocomial infection-causing bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19: 194.
OpenUrl
21.↵
1. Ducel G,
2. Fabry J,
3. Nicolle L
. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections. A practical guide. [Updated 2002; accessed 2023 Jul 6]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/67350/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.12.pdf
22.↵
1. Patel J,
2. Weinstein M,
3. Eliopoulos G,
4. Jenkins S,
5. Lewis J,
6. Limbago B, et al.
M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 27th ed. [Updated 2017; accessed 2023 Jul 6]. Available from: https://clsi.org/media/1469/m100s27_sample.pdf
23.↵
1. Hsu MS,
2. Liao CH,
3. Huang YT,
4. Liu CY,
5. Yang CJ,
6. Kao KL, et al.
Clinical features, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and outcomes of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Chryseobacterium meningosepticum) bacteremia at a medical center in Taiwan, 1999-2006. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30: 1271-1278.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
24.↵
1. Jean SS,
2. Lee WS,
3. Chen FL,
4. Ou TY,
5. Hsueh PR
. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica: an important emerging pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections. J Hosp Infect 2014; 86: 244-249.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
25.↵
1. Teo J,
2. Tan SY,
3. Liu Y,
4. Tay M,
5. Ding Y,
6. Li Y, et al.
Comparative genomic analysis of malaria mosquito vector-associated novel pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6: 1158-1165.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
26.↵
1. Li Y,
2. Liu T,
3. Shi C,
4. Wang B,
5. Li T,
6. Huang Y, et al.
Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features of patients infected with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica at a tertiary hospital in Hefei City, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 964046.
OpenUrl
27.↵
1. González LJ,
2. Vila AJ
. Carbapenem resistance in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is mediated by metallo-β-lactamase BlaB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 1686-1692.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text
28.↵
1. Breurec S,
2. Criscuolo A,
3. Diancourt L,
4. Rendueles O,
5. Vandenbogaert M,
6. Passet V, et al.
Genomic epidemiology and global diversity of the emerging bacterial pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 30379.
OpenUrl CrossRef
29.↵
1. Teo J,
2. Tan SY,
3. Liu Y,
4. Tay M,
5. Ding Y,
6. Li Y, et al.
Comparative genomic analysis of malaria mosquito vector-associated novel pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6: 1158-1165.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
30.↵
1. Hu R,
2. Zhang Q,
3. Gu Z
. Molecular diversity of chromosomal metallo-β-lactamase genes in Elizabethkingia genus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56: 105978.
OpenUrl
31.↵
1. Perrin A,
2. Larsonneur E,
3. Nicholson AC,
4. Edwards DJ,
5. Gundlach KM,
6. Whitney AM, et al.
Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the Elizabethkingia anophelis 2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 15483.
OpenUrl CrossRef
32.
1. Liang CY,
2. Yang CH,
3. Lai CH,
4. Huang YH,
5. Lin JN
. Comparative genomics of 86 whole-genome sequences in the 6 species of the Elizabethkingia genus reveals intraspecific and interspecific divergence. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 19167.
OpenUrl
33.↵
1. Hu R,
2. Zhang Q,
3. Gu Z
. Whole-genome analysis of the potentially zoonotic Elizabethkingia miricola FL160902 with 2 new chromosomal MBL gene variants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75: 526-530.
OpenUrl
34.↵
1. Seong H,
2. Kim JH,
3. Kim JH,
4. Lee WJ,
5. Ahn JY,
6. M D NSK, et al.
Risk factors for mortality in patients with Elizabethkingia infection and the clinical impact of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Elizabethkingia species. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 1431.
OpenUrl

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
Lau SK,
Chow WN,
Foo CH,
Curreem SO,
Lo GC,
Teng JL, et al.
Elizabethkingia anophelis bacteremia is associated with clinically significant infections and high mortality. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 26045.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[2] Lau SK,

[3] Chow WN,

[4] Foo CH,

[5] Curreem SO,

[6] Lo GC,

[7] Teng JL, et al.

[8] 2.↵
Lin JN,
Lai CH,
Yang CH,
Huang YH
. Elizabethkingia infections in humans: from genomics to clinics. Microorganisms 2019; 7: 295.
OpenUrl

[9] Lin JN,

[10] Lai CH,

[11] Yang CH,

[12] Huang YH

[13] 3.
Lin JN,
Lai CH,
Yang CH,
Huang YH
. Comparison of clinical manifestations, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and mutations of fluoroquinolone target genes between Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and Elizabethkingia anophelis isolated in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2018; 7: 538.
OpenUrl

[14] Lin JN,

[15] Lai CH,

[16] Yang CH,

[17] Huang YH

[18] 4.↵
Alyami AM,
Kaabia NM,
AlQasim MA,
Al Doghaim FS,
Albehlal LB,
Ahmed MA, et al.
Chryseobacterium/Elizabethkingia species infections in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41: 309-313.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[19] Alyami AM,

[20] Kaabia NM,

[21] AlQasim MA,

[22] Al Doghaim FS,

[23] Albehlal LB,

[24] Ahmed MA, et al.

[25] 5.↵
Choi MH,
Kim M,
Jeong SJ,
Choi JY,
Lee IY,
Yong TS, et al.
Risk factors for Elizabethkingia acquisition and clinical characteristics of patients, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25: 42-51.
OpenUrl CrossRef

[26] Choi MH,

[27] Kim M,

[28] Jeong SJ,

[29] Choi JY,

[30] Lee IY,

[31] Yong TS, et al.

[32] 6.↵
Ma S,
Gong Y,
Luo X,
Peng Y,
Zhang C,
Zhang X, et al.
Emerging prevalence and clinical features of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infection in Southwest China: a 9-year retrospective study and systematic review. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16: 531-543.
OpenUrl

[33] Ma S,

[34] Gong Y,

[35] Luo X,

[36] Peng Y,

[37] Zhang C,

[38] Zhang X, et al.

[39] 7.↵
Balm MN,
Salmon S,
Jureen R,
Teo C,
Mahdi R,
Seetoh T, et al.
Bad design, bad practices, bad bugs: frustrations in controlling an outbreak of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2013; 85: 134-140.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[40] Balm MN,

[41] Salmon S,

[42] Jureen R,

[43] Teo C,

[44] Mahdi R,

[45] Seetoh T, et al.

[46] 8.↵
Nori P,
Cowman K,
Chen V,
Bartash R,
Szymczak W,
Madaline T, et al.
Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the New York City pandemic surge. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 42: 84-88.
OpenUrl

[47] Nori P,

[48] Cowman K,

[49] Chen V,

[50] Bartash R,

[51] Szymczak W,

[52] Madaline T, et al.

[53] 9.↵
Hayek SS,
Abd TT,
Cribbs SK,
Anderson AM,
Melendez A,
Kobayashi M, et al.
Rare Elizabethkingia meningosepticum meningitis case in an immunocompetent adult. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2: e17.
OpenUrl

[54] Hayek SS,

[55] Abd TT,

[56] Cribbs SK,

[57] Anderson AM,

[58] Melendez A,

[59] Kobayashi M, et al.

[60] 10.
Sebastiampillai BS,
Luke NV,
Silva S,
De Silva ST,
Premaratna R
. Septicaemia caused by Elizabethkingia-sp in a ‘healthy’ Sri Lankan man. Trop Doct 2018; 48: 62-63.
OpenUrl

[61] Sebastiampillai BS,

[62] Luke NV,

[63] Silva S,

[64] De Silva ST,

[65] Premaratna R

[66] 11.↵
Yang C,
Liu Z,
Yu S,
Ye K,
Li X,
Shen D
. Comparison of 3 species of Elizabethkingia genus by whole-genome sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368: fnab018.

[67] Yang C,

[68] Liu Z,

[69] Yu S,

[70] Ye K,

[71] Li X,

[72] Shen D

[73] 12.↵
Zajmi A,
Teo J,
Yeo CC
. Epidemiology and characteristics of Elizabethkingia spp. infections in Southeast Asia. Microorganisms 2022; 10: 882.
OpenUrl

[74] Zajmi A,

[75] Teo J,

[76] Yeo CC

[77] 13.↵
Jean SS,
Hsieh TC,
Ning YZ,
Hsueh PR
. Role of vancomycin in the treatment of bacteraemia and meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50: 507-511.
OpenUrl CrossRef

[78] Jean SS,

[79] Hsieh TC,

[80] Ning YZ,

[81] Hsueh PR

[82] 14.↵
Amer MZ,
Bandey M,
Bukhari A,
Nemenqani D
. Neonatal meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5: 745-747.
OpenUrl PubMed

[83] Amer MZ,

[84] Bandey M,

[85] Bukhari A,

[86] Nemenqani D

[87] 15.
Musalem HM,
Honjol YN,
Tuleimat LM,
Al Abbad SI,
Alsohaibani FI
. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a case of biliary tract infection following liver transplantation. Am J Case Rep 2017; 18: 1014-1019.
OpenUrl

[88] Musalem HM,

[89] Honjol YN,

[90] Tuleimat LM,

[91] Al Abbad SI,

[92] Alsohaibani FI

[93] 16.
Bazzi AM,
Rabaan AA,
Al-Tawfiq J
. Microbiology of Elizabethkingia spp. isolates in hospitalized patients. Infez Med 2019; 27: 284-289.
OpenUrl

[94] Bazzi AM,

[95] Rabaan AA,

[96] Al-Tawfiq J

[97] 17.
AlSehli FA,
Alsaeed NS,
Rajah AT,
AlSaif S
. Clinical course of a case of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a critical neonate at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. SJCP 2022; 1: 75-78.
OpenUrl

[98] AlSehli FA,

[99] Alsaeed NS,

[100] Rajah AT,

[101] AlSaif S

[102] 18.
Aldoghaim FS,
Kaabia N,
Alyami AM,
Alqasim MA,
Ahmed MA,
Al Aidaroos A, et al.
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Chryseobacterium meningosepticum) bacteraemia: a series of 12 cases at Prince Sultan Military Medical City KSA. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 32: 100617.
OpenUrl

[103] Aldoghaim FS,

[104] Kaabia N,

[105] Alyami AM,

[106] Alqasim MA,

[107] Ahmed MA,

[108] Al Aidaroos A, et al.

[109] 19.
Barnawi AI,
Kordy FN,
Almuwallad OK,
Kassarah KA
. Early neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41: 753-756.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[110] Barnawi AI,

[111] Kordy FN,

[112] Almuwallad OK,

[113] Kassarah KA

[114] 20.↵
Idrees M,
Noorani MY,
Altaf KU,
Alatawi EA,
Aba Alkhayl FF,
Allemailem KS, et al.
Core-proteomics-based annotation of antigenic targets and reverse-vaccinology-assisted design of ensemble immunogen against the emerging nosocomial infection-causing bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19: 194.
OpenUrl

[115] Idrees M,

[116] Noorani MY,

[117] Altaf KU,

[118] Alatawi EA,

[119] Aba Alkhayl FF,

[120] Allemailem KS, et al.

[121] 21.↵
Ducel G,
Fabry J,
Nicolle L
. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections. A practical guide. [Updated 2002; accessed 2023 Jul 6]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/67350/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.12.pdf

[122] Ducel G,

[123] Fabry J,

[124] Nicolle L

[125] 22.↵
Patel J,
Weinstein M,
Eliopoulos G,
Jenkins S,
Lewis J,
Limbago B, et al.
M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 27th ed. [Updated 2017; accessed 2023 Jul 6]. Available from: https://clsi.org/media/1469/m100s27_sample.pdf

[126] Patel J,

[127] Weinstein M,

[128] Eliopoulos G,

[129] Jenkins S,

[130] Lewis J,

[131] Limbago B, et al.

[132] 23.↵
Hsu MS,
Liao CH,
Huang YT,
Liu CY,
Yang CJ,
Kao KL, et al.
Clinical features, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and outcomes of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Chryseobacterium meningosepticum) bacteremia at a medical center in Taiwan, 1999-2006. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30: 1271-1278.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[133] Hsu MS,

[134] Liao CH,

[135] Huang YT,

[136] Liu CY,

[137] Yang CJ,

[138] Kao KL, et al.

[139] 24.↵
Jean SS,
Lee WS,
Chen FL,
Ou TY,
Hsueh PR
. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica: an important emerging pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections. J Hosp Infect 2014; 86: 244-249.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[140] Jean SS,

[141] Lee WS,

[142] Chen FL,

[143] Ou TY,

[144] Hsueh PR

[145] 25.↵
Teo J,
Tan SY,
Liu Y,
Tay M,
Ding Y,
Li Y, et al.
Comparative genomic analysis of malaria mosquito vector-associated novel pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6: 1158-1165.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[146] Teo J,

[147] Tan SY,

[148] Liu Y,

[149] Tay M,

[150] Ding Y,

[151] Li Y, et al.

[152] 26.↵
Li Y,
Liu T,
Shi C,
Wang B,
Li T,
Huang Y, et al.
Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features of patients infected with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica at a tertiary hospital in Hefei City, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 964046.
OpenUrl

[153] Li Y,

[154] Liu T,

[155] Shi C,

[156] Wang B,

[157] Li T,

[158] Huang Y, et al.

[159] 27.↵
González LJ,
Vila AJ
. Carbapenem resistance in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is mediated by metallo-β-lactamase BlaB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 1686-1692.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[160] González LJ,

[161] Vila AJ

[162] 28.↵
Breurec S,
Criscuolo A,
Diancourt L,
Rendueles O,
Vandenbogaert M,
Passet V, et al.
Genomic epidemiology and global diversity of the emerging bacterial pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 30379.
OpenUrl CrossRef

[163] Breurec S,

[164] Criscuolo A,

[165] Diancourt L,

[166] Rendueles O,

[167] Vandenbogaert M,

[168] Passet V, et al.

[169] 29.↵
Teo J,
Tan SY,
Liu Y,
Tay M,
Ding Y,
Li Y, et al.
Comparative genomic analysis of malaria mosquito vector-associated novel pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6: 1158-1165.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[170] Teo J,

[171] Tan SY,

[172] Liu Y,

[173] Tay M,

[174] Ding Y,

[175] Li Y, et al.

[176] 30.↵
Hu R,
Zhang Q,
Gu Z
. Molecular diversity of chromosomal metallo-β-lactamase genes in Elizabethkingia genus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56: 105978.
OpenUrl

[177] Hu R,

[178] Zhang Q,

[179] Gu Z

[180] 31.↵
Perrin A,
Larsonneur E,
Nicholson AC,
Edwards DJ,
Gundlach KM,
Whitney AM, et al.
Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the Elizabethkingia anophelis 2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 15483.
OpenUrl CrossRef

[181] Perrin A,

[182] Larsonneur E,

[183] Nicholson AC,

[184] Edwards DJ,

[185] Gundlach KM,

[186] Whitney AM, et al.

[187] 32.
Liang CY,
Yang CH,
Lai CH,
Huang YH,
Lin JN
. Comparative genomics of 86 whole-genome sequences in the 6 species of the Elizabethkingia genus reveals intraspecific and interspecific divergence. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 19167.
OpenUrl

[188] Liang CY,

[189] Yang CH,

[190] Lai CH,

[191] Huang YH,

[192] Lin JN

[193] 33.↵
Hu R,
Zhang Q,
Gu Z
. Whole-genome analysis of the potentially zoonotic Elizabethkingia miricola FL160902 with 2 new chromosomal MBL gene variants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75: 526-530.
OpenUrl

[194] Hu R,

[195] Zhang Q,

[196] Gu Z

[197] 34.↵
Seong H,
Kim JH,
Kim JH,
Lee WJ,
Ahn JY,
M D NSK, et al.
Risk factors for mortality in patients with Elizabethkingia infection and the clinical impact of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Elizabethkingia species. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 1431.
OpenUrl

[198] Seong H,

[199] Kim JH,

[200] Kim JH,

[201] Lee WJ,

[202] Ahn JY,

[203] M D NSK, et al.

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Epidemiology, clinical profiles, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections

Insights from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia

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Epidemiology, clinical profiles, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections

Insights from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia

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