Biological studies of the activity of Manuka honey against Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) bacteria

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Figure 1
- Zones of inhibited bacterial growth due to the presence of Manuka honey in different concentrations 50%, 80% and C (concentrated - 100%).
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Figure 2
- Susceptibility of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteralis to different concentrations of Manuka unique Manuka factor +15 honey.

Table 1

- Summary of used strains of Enterobacterales, enzyme possession and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of those bacteria.

Sample number	Bacterial strain	Enzymes possessed	MIC Result for used Carbapenems
Sample number	Bacterial strain	Enzymes possessed	Ertapenem	Imipenem	Meropenem
1	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	2	>16
2	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	2	>16
3	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	2	>16
4	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O, N	>8	>16	>16
5	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	2	>16
6	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	2	>16
7	Escherichia coli	C, N	>8	>16	>16
8	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	2	>16
9	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, N	>8	>16	>16
10	Escherichia coli	C, N	>8	>16	>16
11	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, N	>8	>16	8
12	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	>2	4
13	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	>2	>16
14	Klebsiella ozaenae	C, O	>8	>16	>16
15	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	>2	4
16	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, O	>8	8	>16
17	Escherichia coli	C, O	>8	>16	>16
18	Escherichia coli	C, O	>8	>2	4
19	Klebsiella pneumoniae	C, N	>8	>16	>16
20	Klebsiella ozaenae	C, O	>8	4	>16

Table 2

- Zones of inhibition in mm (mean ± standard deviation) in response to different concentrations of Manuka honey UMF +15.

Sample number	Inhibition zone (diameter in mm±SD)
Sample number	50%	80%	100%
1	4 ± 0.205	12 ± 0.500	14 ± 0.566
2	2 ± 0.244	7 ± 0.460	9 ± 0.407
3	2 ± 0.189	8 ± 0.327	9 ± 0.493
4	0	6 ± 0.310	10 ± 0.332
5	0	8 ± 0.270	10 ± 0.304
6	3 ± 0.250	10 ± 0.477	12 ± 0.571
7	6 ± 0.339	10 ± 0.326	12 ± 0.464
8	4 ± 0.301	7 ± 0.301	10 ± 0.323
9	3 ± 0.190	8 ± 0.213	11 ± 0.388
10	4 ± 0.264	12 ± 0.506	12 ± 0.462
11	4 ± 0.187	8 ± 0.432	9 ± 0.230
12	6 ± 0.290	11 ± 0.307	12 ± 0.311
13	2 ± 0.308	7 ± 0.212	7 ± 0.285
14	2 ± 0.336	8 ± 0.119	9 ± 0.267
15	3 ± 0.228	10 ± 0.293	12 ± 0.400
16	6 ± 0.450	9 ± 0.376	10 ± 0.360
17	0	7 ± 0.141	8 ± 0.277
18	2 ± 0.296	10 ± 0.206	10 ± 0.415
19	2 ± 0.376	10 ± 0.299	10 ± 0.431
20	7 ± 0.406	12 ± 0.455	12 ± 0.571
ATCC No. Escherichia coli	10 ± 0.313	13 ± 0.516	14 ± 0.532
ATCC No. Klebsiella pneumoniae	8 ± 0.340	12 ± 0.301	14 ± 0.365