Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Illustrations of diffusion-weighted imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, and diffusion kurtosis imaging parameters, hematoxylin and eosin, and reticular fiber staining. Example of A) apparent diffusion coefficient; B) real diffusion coefficient; C) pseudo-diffusion coefficient; D) perfusion fraction; E) distributed diffusion coefficient; F) water-diffusion heterogeneity within voxels; G) fractional anisotropy; H) mean diffusivity; I) axial diffusivity; J) radial diffusivity; K) mean kurtosis; L) axial kurtosis; M) radial kurtosis; and N) fractional anisotropy of kurtosis maps in a 58-year-old man from the early hepatic fibrosis group with mild fibrosis (stage 1) and hepatitis (grade 1). O) Hematoxylin and eosin staining shows focal necrosis and inflammation around the portal areas, and P) reticular fiber staining shows expansion of the portal areas and short fibrous septa.
- Figure 2
- Statistical results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A) Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the healthy volunteers vs. early hepatic fibrosis (EHF) model. B) Receiver operating characteristic curves of the EHF vs. advanced hepatic fibrosis model. ROC: receiver operating characteristic, HVs: healthy volunteers, EHF: early hepatic fibrosis, AHF: advanced hepatic fibrosis
Tables
Characteristic HVs EHF (stages 1 and 2) AHF (stages 3 and 4) Number of participants 48 (33.1) 59 (40.7) 38 (26.2) Age (years), mean±SD (range)† 39.20±13.03 (21-69) 40.40±8.00 (21-62) 43.7±10.20 (27-72) Gender‡ Male 20 (13.8) 33 (22.8) 21 (14.5) Female 28 (19.3) 26 (17.9) 17 (11.7) Hepatitis grade 1 N/A 9 (6.2) 0 (0.0) Unknown=6 2 N/A 40 (27.6) 10 (6.9) 3 N/A 10 (6.9) 22 (15.1) 4 N/A 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Hepatic fibrosis stage 1 N/A 25 (17.2) 0 (0.0) 2 N/A 34 (23.5) 0 (0.0) 3 N/A 0 (0.0) 15 (10.3) 4 N/A 0 (0.0) 23 (15.9) Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%), please provide the percentages.
HVs: healthy volunteers, EHF: early hepatic fibrosis, AHF: advanced hepatic fibrosis, SD: standard deviation
- Table 2
- Inter-examiner reliability of diffusion-weighted imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, diffusion kurtosis imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging parameters.
Parameters HVs EHF AHF ICC (95% CI) Diffusion-weighted imaging Apparent diffusion coefficient 0.69 (0.58-0.76) 0.73 (0.77-0.88) 0.83 (0.77-0.88) Intravoxel incoherent motion Real diffusion coefficient 0.58 (0.43-0.78)* 0.67 (0.57-0.75) 0.60 (0.45-0.70) Pseudo-diffusion coefficient 0.76 (0.68-0.82) 0.51 (0.36-0.62)* 0.27 (0.10-0.47)* Perfusion fraction 0.71 (0.61-0.78) 0.79 (0.73-0.84) 0.76 (0.67-0.83) Distributed diffusion coefficient 0.58 (0.44-0.68)* 0.63 (0.52-0.72) 0.67 (0.58-0.74) Water-diffusion heterogeneity within voxels 0.81 (0.75-0.86) 0.83 (0.78–0.87) 0.84 (0.78-0.88) Diffusion kurtosis imaging Mean kurtosis 0.91 (0.82-0.95) 0.91 (0.85-0.95) 0.98 (0.95-0.99) Axial kurtosis 0.92 (0.84-0.96) 0.86 (0.75-0.92) 0.96 (0.92-0.98) Radial kurtosis 0.93 (0.86-0.96) 0.88 (0.79-0.93) 0.95 (0.89-0.97) Fractional anisotropy of kurtosis 0.92 (0.83-0.96) 0.76 (0.58-0.86) 0.75 (0.50-0.87) Diffusion tensor imaging Fractional anisotropy 0.86 (0.73-0.93) 0.83 (0.71-0.90) 0.91 (0.82-0.95) Mean diffusivity 0.88 (0.77-0.94) 0.80 (0.65-0.88) 0.96 (0.92-0.98) Axial diffusivity 0.93 (0.86-0.97) 0.80 (0.65-0.88) 0.97 (0.93-0.98) Radial diffusivity 0.94 (0.87-0.97) 0.86 (0.76-0.92) 0.96 (0.91-0.98) ↵* ICC value of <0.6.
HVs: healthy volunteers, EHF: early hepatic fibrosis, AHF: advanced hepatic fibrosis, ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient, CI: confidence interval
- Table 3
- Between-group comparison of diffusion-weighted imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, diffusion kurtosis imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging parameters with high inter-examiner reliability.
Parameters HVs EHF AHF P-values (HVs vs. EHF) P-values (EHF vs. AHF) Diffusion-weighted imaging ADC (10-3 mm2/s) 1.80±0.36 1.63±0.35 1.61±0.34 0.01* 0.61 Intravoxel incoherent motion D (10-3 mm2/s) 1.00±0.28† 0.94±0.25 0.91±0.25 0.31 0.96 D* (10-3 mm2/s) 92.65±70.95 114.89±67.76† 83.62±40.62† 0.02* 0.04* f (%) 31.86±104.71 31.34±86.99 32.11±111.36 0.74 0.88 DDC (10-3 mm2/s) 2.91±2.78† 1.98±1.36 3.21±2.51 0.30 0.02* α (10-3 mm2/s) 46.69±11.37 43.20±10.48 48.14±12.07 0.01* 0.04* Diffusion kurtosis imaging MK (10-3 mm2/s) 0.77±0.11 0.78±0.12 0.79±0.20 0.48 0.56 AK (10-3 mm2/s) 0.74±0.12 0.75±0.14 0.76±0.18 0.69 0.92 RK (10-3 mm2/s) 0.74±0.13 0.74±0.15 0.77±0.21 0.57 0.97 FAK (10-3 mm2/s) 0.23±0.08 0.28±0.12 0.25±0.08 0.04* 0.30 Diffusion tensor imaging FA (10-3 mm2/s) 0.23±0.05 0.24±0.07 0.24±0.08 0.35 0.39 MD (10-3 mm2/s) 2.01±0.39 1.91±0.40 1.96±0.39 0.37 0.51 AD (10-3 mm2/s) 1.39±0.23 1.37±0.25 1.36±0.23 0.74 0.93 RD (10-3 mm2/s) 1.11±0.19 1.08±0.17 1.10±0.20 0.43 0.54 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
HVs: healthy volunteers, EHF: early hepatic fibrosis, AHF: advanced hepatic fibrosis, ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient, D: real diffusion coefficient, D*: pseudo-diffusion coefficient, f: perfusion fraction, DDC: distributed diffusion coefficient, a: water-diffusion heterogeneity within voxels, MK: mean kurtosis, AK: axial kurtosis, RK: radial kurtosis, FAK: fractional anisotropy of kurtosis, FA: fractional anisotropy, MD: mean diffusivity, AD: axial diffusivity, RD: radial diffusivity
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