The future of personalized medicine in Saudi Arabia

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Schleidgen S,
   2. Klingler C,
   3. Bertram T,
   4. Rogowski WH,
   5. Marckmann G

   . What is personalized medicine: Sharpening a vague term based on a systematic literature review. BMC Med Ethics 2013; 14: 55.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Collins FS,
   2. Varmus H

   . A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 793-795.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Ashley EA

   . The precision medicine initiative: A new national effort. JAMA 2015; 313: 2119-2120.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   National Research Council Committee. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.
5. 5.↵
   1. Ginsburg GS,
   2. Willard HF

   . Genomic and personalized medicine: Foundations and applications. Transl Res 2009; 154: 277-287.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   1. Jameson JL,
   2. Longo DL

   . Precision medicine--personalized, problematic, and promising. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 2229-2234.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Hodson R

   . Precision medicine. Nature 2016; 537: S49.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Aljadhey H,
   2. Mahmoud MA,
   3. Mayet A,
   4. Alshaikh M,
   5. Ahmed Y,
   6. Murray MD, et al.

   Incidence of adverse drug events in an academic hospital: a prospective cohort study. Int J Qual Health Care 2013; 25: 648-655.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 9.↵
   1. Joyner MJ,
   2. Paneth N

   . Promises, promises, and precision medicine. J Clin Invest 2019; 129: 946-948.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Abu-Elmagd M,
    2. Assidi M,
    3. Schulten H-J,
    4. Dallol A,
    5. Pushparaj PN,
    6. Ahmed F, et al.

    Individualized medicine enabled by genomics in Saudi Arabia. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8: S3.

    OpenUrl
11. 11.↵
    1. Alessandrini M,
    2. Chaudhry M,
    3. Dodgen TM,
    4. Pepper MS

    . Pharmacogenomics and Global Precision Medicine in the Context of Adverse Drug Reactions: Top 10 Opportunities and Challenges for the Next Decade. OMICS 2016; 20: 593-603.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Al Asmri M,
    2. Almalki MJ,
    3. Fitzgerald G,
    4. Clark M

    . The public health care system and primary care services in Saudi Arabia: A system in transition. East Mediterr Health J 2020; 26: 468-476.

    OpenUrlPubMed
13. 13.↵
    Vison 2030. [Updated 2024; Accessed 2024 November 15]. Available from: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/
14. 14.↵
    1. Mufti MH

    . Healthcare development strategies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Springer Science & Business Media; 2000.
15. 15.↵
    1. Rahman R,
    2. Al-Borie HM

    . Strengthening the Saudi Arabian healthcare system: Role of vision 2030. Int J Healthc Manag 2021; 14: 1483-14891.

    OpenUrl
16. 16.↵
    1. Khoja T,
    2. Rawaf S,
    3. Qidwai W,
    4. Rawaf D,
    5. Nanji K,
    6. Hamad A

    . Health Care in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Cureus 2017; 9: e1586.

    OpenUrl
17. 17.↵
    King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center. Saudi Human Genome Program. [Updated 2024; Accessed 2024 November 15].Available from: http://rc.kfshrc.edu.sa/sgp/
18. 18.↵
    Saudi Vision 2030. Health Sector Transformation Program 2023 [updated 2024. Available from: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/explore/programs/health-sector-transformation-program.
19. 19.↵
    1. Abouelhoda M,
    2. Faquih T,
    3. El-Kalioby M,
    4. Alkuraya FS

    . Revisiting the morbid genome of Mendelian disorders. Genome Biol 2016; 17: 235.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Alsolme E,
    2. Alqahtani S,
    3. Fageeh M,
    4. Barakeh D,
    5. Sharma NK,
    6. Mangul S, et al.

    The Genomic landscape of colorectal cancer in the Saudi Arabian population using a comprehensive genomic panel. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13: 2993.

    OpenUrlPubMed
21. 21.↵
    King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. KFSHRC Develops Genetic Diagnosis Protocol to Achieve Zero Undiagnosed Infectious Diseases. [updated 2024 Aug 8; Accessed 2024 November 15]. https://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/en/news/2024/08/kfshrc-develops-genetic-diagnosis-protocol-to-achieve-zero-undiagnosed-infectious-diseases
22. 22.↵
    1. Memish ZA,
    2. Jaber S,
    3. Mokdad AH,
    4. AlMazroa MA,
    5. Murray CJ,
    6. Al Rabeeah AA

    . Burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1990-2010. Prev Chronic Dis 2014; 11: E169.

    OpenUrlPubMed
23. 23.↵
    Arabian Business. Saudi R&D spending tops $3.9bn. Arabian Business. [Updated 2023 Feb 8; Accessed 2024 November 15]. Available from: https://www.arabianbusiness.com/jobs/saudi-rd-spending-tops-3-9bn
24. 24.↵
    1. Alrabiah Z,
    2. Syed W,
    3. Babelghaith SD,
    4. Al Arifi MN

    . Clinical knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of community pharmacists towards pharmacogenomics - A cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2023;16: 433-441.

    OpenUrlPubMed
25. 25.↵
    Supreme Vascular and Interventional Clinic. Varicose Veins and Birth Control Pills. [Updated 2023; Accessed 2024 November 15]. Available from: https://supremevascular.com/conditions-and-treaments/venous-diseases/varicose-veins-and-spider-veins/varicose-veins-and-birth-control-pills/#:~:text=Birth%20control%20pills%20can%20increase%20the%20risk%20of%20developing%20blood,blood%20flow%20through%20the%20veins
26. 26.↵
    King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. [Updated 2024; Accessed 2024 November 15]. Available from: https://kacst.gov.sa
27. 27.↵
    King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. KAUST and AmplifAI Health Combine Technologies for Early Diabetes Detection. [updated 2024 Jan 29; Accessed 2024 November 15]. Available from: https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/news/kaust-and-amplifai-health-combine-technologies-for-early-diabetes-detection