Ajwa date extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Phytochemical analysis, antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-I and coxsackie B4 virus, and in silico study

Ahmad K. Aljohani; Nader A. Maghrabi; Osama M. Alrehili; Abdulaziz S. Alharbi; Rawad S. Alsihli; Abdulrahman M. Alharthe; Rayan S. Albladi; Khalid A. Alosaimi; Bader M. Albadrani; Samar F. Miski; Hossein M. Elbadawy; Bandar D. Alrehaili; Fahd A. Abdelkarem; Modather F. Hussein

doi:10.15537/smj.2025.46.1.20240780

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Antiviral activity of Phoenix dactylifera extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1: an animal study. Comparative Clinical Pathology 2021; 30: 945-951.
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1. Flechas MC,
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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
Echegaray N,
Gullón B,
Pateiro M,
Amarowicz R,
Misihairabgwi JM,
Lorenzo JM
. Date fruit and its by-products as promising source of bioactive components: a review. Food Reviews International 2023; 39: 1411-1432.
OpenUrl

[2] Echegaray N,

[3] Gullón B,

[4] Pateiro M,

[5] Amarowicz R,

[6] Misihairabgwi JM,

[7] Lorenzo JM

[8] 2.↵
Alsuhaymi S,
Singh U,
Al-Younis I,
Kharbatia NM,
Haneef A,
Chandra K, et al.
Untargeted metabolomics analysis of four date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using MS and NMR. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2023; 13: 44.
OpenUrl PubMed

[9] Alsuhaymi S,

[10] Singh U,

[11] Al-Younis I,

[12] Kharbatia NM,

[13] Haneef A,

[14] Chandra K, et al.

[15] 3.↵
Montenegro-Landívar MF,
Tapia-Quirós P,
Vecino X,
Reig M,
Valderrama C,
Granados M, et al.
Polyphenols and their potential role to fight viral diseases: an overview. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801: 149719.
OpenUrl PubMed

[16] Montenegro-Landívar MF,

[17] Tapia-Quirós P,

[18] Vecino X,

[19] Reig M,

[20] Valderrama C,

[21] Granados M, et al.

[22] 4.↵
Mirza MB,
Syed FQ,
Khan F,
Elkady AI,
Al-Attar AM,
Hakeem KR
. Ajwa dates: a highly nutritive fruit with the impending therapeutic application. Plant and Human Health 2019; 3: 209-230.
OpenUrl

[23] Mirza MB,

[24] Syed FQ,

[25] Khan F,

[26] Elkady AI,

[27] Al-Attar AM,

[28] Hakeem KR

[29] 5.↵
Anwar S,
Raut R,
Alsahli MA,
Almatroudi A,
Alfheeaid H,
Alzahrani FM, et al.
Role of Ajwa date fruit pulp and seed in the management of diseases through in vitro and in silico analysis. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11: 78.
OpenUrl PubMed

[30] Anwar S,

[31] Raut R,

[32] Alsahli MA,

[33] Almatroudi A,

[34] Alfheeaid H,

[35] Alzahrani FM, et al.

[36] 6.↵
Hamad I,
AbdElgawad H,
Al Jaouni S,
Zinta G,
Asard H,
Hassan S, et al.
Metabolic analysis of various date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia to assess their nutritional quality. Molecules 2015; 20: 13620-13641.
OpenUrl PubMed

[37] Hamad I,

[38] AbdElgawad H,

[39] Al Jaouni S,

[40] Zinta G,

[41] Asard H,

[42] Hassan S, et al.

[43] 7.↵
Madavaraju K,
Koganti R,
Volety I,
Yadavalli T,
Shukla D
. Herpes simplex virus cell entry mechanisms: an update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10: 617578.
OpenUrl PubMed

[44] Madavaraju K,

[45] Koganti R,

[46] Volety I,

[47] Yadavalli T,

[48] Shukla D

[49] 8.↵
Cheshenko N,
Trepanier JB,
González PA,
Eugenin EA,
Jacobs WR Jr.,
Herold BC
. Herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein H interacts with integrin αvβ3 to facilitate viral entry and calcium signaling in human genital tract epithelial cells. J Virol 2014; 88: 10026-10038.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[50] Cheshenko N,

[51] Trepanier JB,

[52] González PA,

[53] Eugenin EA,

[54] Jacobs WR Jr.,

[55] Herold BC

[56] 9.↵
Sacks SL,
Griffiths PD,
Corey L,
Cohen C,
Cunningham A,
Dusheiko GM, et al.
HSV-2 transmission. Antiviral Res 2004; 63: S27-S35.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science

[57] Sacks SL,

[58] Griffiths PD,

[59] Corey L,

[60] Cohen C,

[61] Cunningham A,

[62] Dusheiko GM, et al.

[63] 10.↵
Altammami GS,
Alswayed SK,
AlJasser MI,
Alkhodair RA
. Dermatological conditions in the intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2024; 45: 834-839.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[64] Altammami GS,

[65] Alswayed SK,

[66] AlJasser MI,

[67] Alkhodair RA

[68] 11.↵
Alidjinou EK,
Sané F,
Trauet J,
Copin MC,
Hober D
. Coxsackievirus B4 can infect human peripheral blood-derived macrophages. Viruses 2015; 7: 6067-6079.
OpenUrl PubMed

[69] Alidjinou EK,

[70] Sané F,

[71] Trauet J,

[72] Copin MC,

[73] Hober D

[74] 12.↵
Nekoua MP,
Bertin A,
Sane F,
Gimeno JP,
Fournier I,
Salzet M, et al.
Persistence of coxsackievirus B4 in pancreatic β cells disturbs insulin maturation, pattern of cellular proteins, and DNA methylation. Microorganisms 2021; 9: 1125.
OpenUrl PubMed

[75] Nekoua MP,

[76] Bertin A,

[77] Sane F,

[78] Gimeno JP,

[79] Fournier I,

[80] Salzet M, et al.

[81] 13.↵
Landers CT,
Kuppuswamy V,
Evers B,
Cardenas CP
. A case of fatal thrombotic microangiopathy and acute pancreatitis due to coxsackie B4 infection. Chest 2023; 164: A1867.
OpenUrl

[82] Landers CT,

[83] Kuppuswamy V,

[84] Evers B,

[85] Cardenas CP

[86] 14.↵
Azam MS,
Islam MN,
Wahiduzzaman M,
Alam M,
Dhrubo AAK
. Antiviral foods in the battle against viral infections: understanding the molecular mechanism. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11: 4444-4459.
OpenUrl PubMed

[87] Azam MS,

[88] Islam MN,

[89] Wahiduzzaman M,

[90] Alam M,

[91] Dhrubo AAK

[92] 15.↵
Bukhari MA,
Qamash RA,
Bulkhi RA,
Bifari JA,
Bakhsh OS,
Hawsawi KO, et al.
Biological studies of the activity of Manuka honey against Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) bacteria. Saudi Med J 2024; 45: 876-887.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[93] Bukhari MA,

[94] Qamash RA,

[95] Bulkhi RA,

[96] Bifari JA,

[97] Bakhsh OS,

[98] Hawsawi KO, et al.

[99] 16.
Alshehri FF
. Understanding the prevalence, progression, and management of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2023; 44: 973-986.
OpenUrl Abstract/FREE Full Text

[100] Alshehri FF

[101] 17.
Darshana D,
Chutiwitoonchai N,
Paemanee A,
Sureram S,
Mahidol C,
Ruchirawat S, et al.
Virucidal and antiviral polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols in avocado fruit pulp (Persea americana) of booth 7 Cultivar^¶. ACS Food Science & Technology 2023; 3: 1759-1767.
OpenUrl

[102] Darshana D,

[103] Chutiwitoonchai N,

[104] Paemanee A,

[105] Sureram S,

[106] Mahidol C,

[107] Ruchirawat S, et al.

[108] 18.↵
Emwas AM,
Al-Rifai N,
Szczepski K,
Alsuhaymi S,
Rayyan S,
Almahasheer H, et al.
You are what you eat: application of metabolomics approaches to advance nutrition research. Foods 2021; 10: 1249.
OpenUrl PubMed

[109] Emwas AM,

[110] Al-Rifai N,

[111] Szczepski K,

[112] Alsuhaymi S,

[113] Rayyan S,

[114] Almahasheer H, et al.

[115] 19.↵
Soleman DM,
Eldahshan OA,
Ibrahim MH,
Ogaly HA,
Galal HM,
Batiha GE, et al.
GC/MS analysis, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activities of Annona glabra hexane extract supported by in silico study. Molecules 2023; 28: 1628.
OpenUrl PubMed

[116] Soleman DM,

[117] Eldahshan OA,

[118] Ibrahim MH,

[119] Ogaly HA,

[120] Galal HM,

[121] Batiha GE, et al.

[122] 20.↵
Gomaa HH,
Amin DY,
Ahmed AR,
Ismail NA,
El Dougdoug KA,
Abd-Elhalim BT
. Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antiviral investigations using egyptian Phoenix dactylifera L. pits extract. AMB Express 2024; 14: 44.
OpenUrl PubMed

[123] Gomaa HH,

[124] Amin DY,

[125] Ahmed AR,

[126] Ismail NA,

[127] El Dougdoug KA,

[128] Abd-Elhalim BT

[129] 21.↵
Allahyari S,
Pakbin B,
Amani Z,
Mahmoudi R,
Hamidiyan G,
Peymani A, et al.
Antiviral activity of Phoenix dactylifera extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1: an animal study. Comparative Clinical Pathology 2021; 30: 945-951.
OpenUrl

[130] Allahyari S,

[131] Pakbin B,

[132] Amani Z,

[133] Mahmoudi R,

[134] Hamidiyan G,

[135] Peymani A, et al.

[136] 22.↵
Flechas MC,
Ocazionez RE,
Stashenko EE
. Evaluation of in vitro antiviral activity of essential oil compounds against dengue virus. Pharmacogn J 2018; 10: 55-59.
OpenUrl

[137] Flechas MC,

[138] Ocazionez RE,

[139] Stashenko EE

[140] 23.
Gescher K,
Kühn J,
Hafezi W,
Louis A,
Derksen A,
Deters A, et al.
Inhibition of viral adsorption and penetration by an aqueous extract from Rhododendron ferrugineum L. as antiviral principle against herpes simplex virus type-1. Fitoterapia 2011; 82: 408-413.
OpenUrl PubMed

[141] Gescher K,

[142] Kühn J,

[143] Hafezi W,

[144] Louis A,

[145] Derksen A,

[146] Deters A, et al.

[147] 24.↵
Jassim SA,
Naji MA
. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of an extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits on a Pseudomonas phage. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2010; 7: 57-62.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[148] Jassim SA,

[149] Naji MA

[150] 25.↵
Chu Y,
Lv X,
Zhang L,
Fu X,
Song S,
Su A, et al.
Wogonin inhibits in vitro herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection by modulating cellular NF-κB and MAPK pathways. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20: 227.
OpenUrl PubMed

[151] Chu Y,

[152] Lv X,

[153] Zhang L,

[154] Fu X,

[155] Song S,

[156] Su A, et al.

[157] 26.
Luo Z,
Kuang XP,
Zhou QQ,
Yan CY,
Li W,
Gong HB, et al.
Inhibitory effects of baicalein against herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10: 2323-2338.
OpenUrl PubMed

[158] Luo Z,

[159] Kuang XP,

[160] Zhou QQ,

[161] Yan CY,

[162] Li W,

[163] Gong HB, et al.

[164] 27.↵
Fahmy NM,
Al-Sayed E,
Moghannem S,
Azam F,
El-Shazly M,
Singab AN
. Breaking down the barriers to a natural antiviral agent: antiviral activity and molecular docking of Erythrina speciosa extract, fractions, and the major compound. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17: e1900511.
OpenUrl PubMed

[165] Fahmy NM,

[166] Al-Sayed E,

[167] Moghannem S,

[168] Azam F,

[169] El-Shazly M,

[170] Singab AN

[171] 28.↵
Parr RG,
Yang W
. Density-functional theory of atoms and molecules. [Updated 1989; Accessed 2024 July 3). Available from: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/density-functional-theory-of-atoms-and-molecules-9780195092769

[172] Parr RG,

[173] Yang W

[174] 29.
Parr RG,
Szentpály LV,
Liu S
. Electrophilicity index. J Am Chem Soc 1999; 121: 1922-1924.
OpenUrl CrossRef Web of Science

[175] Parr RG,

[176] Szentpály LV,

[177] Liu S

[178] 30.↵
Pearson RG
. Absolute electronegativity and hardness: application to inorganic chemistry. Inorg Chem 1986; 27: 734-740.
OpenUrl

[179] Pearson RG

[180] 31.↵
Ortega JT,
Serrano ML,
Suárez AI,
Baptista J,
Pujol FH,
Cavallaro LV, et al.
Antiviral activity of flavonoids present in aerial parts of Marcetia taxifolia against hepatitis B virus, poliovirus, and herpes simplex virus in vitro. EXCLI J 2019; 18: 1037-1048.
OpenUrl PubMed

[181] Ortega JT,

[182] Serrano ML,

[183] Suárez AI,

[184] Baptista J,

[185] Pujol FH,

[186] Cavallaro LV, et al.

[187] 32.↵
Kim TI,
Kwon EB,
Oh YC,
Go Y,
Choi JG
. Mori ramulus and its major component Morusin inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 replication and the virus-induced reactive oxygen species. Am J Chin Med 2021; 49: 163-179.
OpenUrl PubMed

[188] Kim TI,

[189] Kwon EB,

[190] Oh YC,

[191] Go Y,

[192] Choi JG

[193] 33.↵
Čulenová M,
Sychrová A,
Hassan STS,
Berchová-Bímová K,
Svobodová P,
Helclová A, et al.
Multiple in vitro biological effects of phenolic compounds from Morus alba root bark. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 248: 112296.
OpenUrl PubMed

[194] Čulenová M,

[195] Sychrová A,

[196] Hassan STS,

[197] Berchová-Bímová K,

[198] Svobodová P,

[199] Helclová A, et al.

[200] 34.↵
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Ajwa date extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Phytochemical analysis, antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-I and coxsackie B4 virus, and in silico study

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Ajwa date extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Phytochemical analysis, antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-I and coxsackie B4 virus, and in silico study

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