Birth prevalence of non-syndromic orofacial clefts in Saudi Arabia and the effects of parental consanguinity

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

From the Division of Oral Health Sciences (Sabbagh), Pediatric Dentistry (Innes), Dundee Dental School, Division of Oral Health Sciences and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health and Craniofacial Anomalies (Mossey), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department (Sallout), Women’s Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Plastic Surgery Department (Hamdan), King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Orthodontic Division (Alhamlan), King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh, Pediatric Dentistry (Alamoudi), Faculty of Dentistry, Pediatric Department, Nursing Services (Al-Khozami), King Abdulaziz University, Genetic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine (Al-Aama), Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Pediatric Surgery (Abdulhameed), Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Ministry of Health, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia