Hydrogen water ameliorates the severity of atopic dermatitis-like lesions and decreases interleukin-1β, interleukin-33, and mast cell infiltration in NC/Nga mice

Infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes in AD skin lesions. a) Representative images of skin tissue sections were examined after H&E staining (lymphocytes and eosinophils) or toluidine blue staining (mast cells). b) Immune cells were counted under a microscope and the results expressed as the mean±SEM of the number of cells per 0.025 mm² of skin at week 4 (n=4 mice per group); *p<0.05. Red arrowheads indicate mast cells in toluidine blue staining. Blue arrowheads indicate lymphocytes. Black arrowheads indicate neutrophils. AD - atopic dermatitis, HW - hydrogen water, SPF - specific-pathogen-free, PW - purified water

Effects of HW on the expression of cytokines and TARC in AD skin lesions. The levels of (a) IL-1β, (b) INF-β, (c) IL-33, and (d) TARC were determined by ELISA 4 weeks after the start of HW treatment. The results are presented as the mean±SEM (n=4 mice per group); ^*p<0.05 (PW versus HW), ^**p<0.05 (PW versus SPF), and ^**p<0.05 (SPF versus HW). HW - hydrogen water, SPF - specific-pathogen-free, PW - purified water, TARC - thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, IL-1β - interleukin 1β , IL-33 - interleukin 33