Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Saudi Medical Journal
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal
  • My alerts
  • Log in
Saudi Medical Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Follow psmmc on Twitter
  • Visit psmmc on Facebook
  • RSS
Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia

Samah I. Abohamr, Rami M. Abazid, Mubarak A. Aldossari, Hala A. Amer, Omar S. Badhawi, Obaid M. Aljunaidi, Shaimaa H. Alzarzour, Hiba M. Saadeddin, Fayaz A. Bhat and Eman Elsheikh
Saudi Medical Journal November 2020, 41 (11) 1217-1226; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2020.11.25495
Samah I. Abohamr
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD, FASE
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Rami M. Abazid
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Mubarak A. Aldossari
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD, PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Hala A. Amer
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD, MPH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Omar S. Badhawi
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Obaid M. Aljunaidi
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Shaimaa H. Alzarzour
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Bs. Pharmcy, MPH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Hiba M. Saadeddin
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Fayaz A. Bhat
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Eman Elsheikh
From the Heart Health Center (Abohamr, Aldossari, Badhawi, Aljunaidi, Saadeddin, Bhat); from the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection (Amer, Alzarour), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh; from the Internal Medicine Department (Elsheikh), King Faisal University, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from Division of Nuclear Medicine, Section of Cardiac Hybrid Imaging, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada,(Abazid); from the Department of Cardiology (Abohamr, Elsheikh), Tanta University Hospital, Tanta; and from the Community Medicine Department (Amer), National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
MD, PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. Song W,
    2. Gui M,
    3. Wang X,
    4. Xiang Y
    (2018) Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2. PLoS Pathog 14:e1007236.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Wu Y,
    2. Chen C,
    3. Chan Y
    (2020) The outbreak of COVID-19:An overview. J Chin Med Assoc 83:217–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Cucinotta D,
    2. Vanelli M
    (2020) WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed 91:157–160.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  3. ↵
    1. Sohrabi C,
    2. Alsafi Z,
    3. O'Neill N,
    4. Khan M,
    5. Kerwan A,
    6. Al-Jabir A,
    7. et al.
    (2020) World Health Organization declares global emergency:A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 76:71–76.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. ↵
    1. Perlman S
    (2020) Another Decade, another coronavirus. N Engl J Med 382:760–762.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Haleem A,
    2. Javaid M,
    3. Vaishya R,
    4. Deshmukh SG
    (2020) Areas of academic research with the impact of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med 38:1524–1526.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  6. ↵
    1. Petrosillo N,
    2. Viceconte G,
    3. Ergonul O,
    4. Ippolito G,
    5. Petersen E
    (2020) COVID-19, SARS and MERS:are they closely related? Clin Microbiol Infect 26:729–734.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Xu X,
    2. Chen P,
    3. Wang J,
    4. Feng J,
    5. Zhou H,
    6. Li X,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci 63:457–460.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. REUTERS
    Saudi Arabia announces first case of coronavirus, Updated 2020 March 2, Available form URL: https://www. reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-saudi/saudi-arabia-announcesfirst-case-of-coronavirus-idUSKBN20P2FK. Accessed 2020 August.
  9. ↵
    1. Yang J,
    2. Zheng Y,
    3. Gou X,
    4. Pu K,
    5. Chen Z,
    6. Guo Q,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 94:91–95.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Chen T,
    2. Wu D,
    3. Chen H,
    4. Yan W,
    5. Yang D,
    6. Chen G,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ 368:m1091.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Arentz M,
    2. Yim E,
    3. Klaff L,
    4. Lokhandwala S,
    5. Riedo F,
    6. Chong M,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA 323:1612–1614.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. ↵
    1. Huang C,
    2. Wang Y,
    3. Li X,
    4. Ren L,
    5. Zhao J,
    6. Hu Y,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Guan W,
    2. Ni Z,
    3. Hu Y,
    4. Liang W,
    5. Ou C,
    6. He J,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382:1708–1720.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. Huang X,
    2. Wei F,
    3. Hu L,
    4. Wen L,
    5. Chen K
    (2020) Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iran Med 23:268–271.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Saudi Center for Disease Prevention Control, Ministry of Health Saudi Novel Corona Virus (2019-nCoV) Infection Guidelines V1.0
    , Update January 2020, Available from URL: https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/CCC/healthp/regulations/Documents/Novel%20Corona%20Virus%20Infection%20Guidelines.pdf. Accessed 2020 August.
  15. ↵
    1. Tian S,
    2. Hu N,
    3. Lou J,
    4. Chen K,
    5. Kang X,
    6. Xiang Z,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect 80:401–406.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Zhu W,
    2. Xie K,
    3. Lu H,
    4. Xu L,
    5. Zhou S,
    6. Fang S
    (2020) Initial clinical features of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in two emergency departments outside of Hubei China. J Med Virol 92:1525–1532.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Chen N,
    2. Zhou M,
    3. Dong X,
    4. Qu J,
    5. Gong F,
    6. Han Y,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China:a descriptive study. Lancet 395:507–513.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    1. Oudit GY,
    2. Pfeffer MA
    (2020) Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2:novel biomarker in heart failure with implications for COVID-19. Eur Heart J 41:1818–1820.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. Zhou F,
    2. Yu T,
    3. Du R,
    4. Fan G,
    5. Liu Y,
    6. Liu Z,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China:a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395:1054–1062.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Richardson S,
    2. Hirsch JS,
    3. Narasimhan M,
    4. Crawford JM,
    5. McGinn T,
    6. Davidson KW,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA 323:2052–2059.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. Kulcsar KA,
    2. Coleman CM,
    3. Beck SE,
    4. Frieman MB
    (2019) Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI Insight 4:e131774.
    OpenUrl
  22. ↵
    1. Maddaloni E,
    2. Buzzetti R
    (2020) Covid-19, and diabetes mellitus:unveiling the interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, e33213321.
  23. ↵
    1. Sun P,
    2. Qie S,
    3. Liu Z,
    4. Ren J,
    5. Li K,
    6. Xi J
    (2020) Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection:A single arm meta-analysis. J Med Virol 92:612–617.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Rodriguez-Morales AJ,
    2. Cardona-Ospina JA,
    3. Gutiérrez-Ocampo E,
    4. Villamizar-Peña R,
    5. Holguin-Rivera Y,
    6. Escalera-Antezana JP,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 34:101623.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Pan L,
    2. Mu M,
    3. Yang P,
    4. Sun Y,
    5. Wang R,
    6. Yan J,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China. Am J Gastroenterol 115:766–773.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. ↵
    1. Aghagoli G,
    2. Gallo Marin B,
    3. Soliman LB,
    4. Sellke FW
    (2020) Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients:Risk factors, predictors, and complications:A review. J Card Surg 35:1302–1305.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Lippi G,
    2. Plebani M
    (2020) Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 58:1131–1134.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. ↵
    1. Fried JA,
    2. Ramasubbu K,
    3. Bhatt R,
    4. Topkara VK,
    5. Clerkin KJ,
    6. Horn E,
    7. et al.
    (2020) The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation 141:1930–1936.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Wang Y,
    2. Lu X,
    3. Li Y,
    4. Chen H,
    5. Chen T,
    6. Su N,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201:1430–1434.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    1. Guan WJ,
    2. Liang WH,
    3. Zhao Y,
    4. Liang HR,
    5. Chen ZS,
    6. Li YM,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China:a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J 55:2000547.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  31. ↵
    1. Zaim S,
    2. Chong JH,
    3. Sankaranarayanan V,
    4. Harky A
    (2020) COVID-19 and multiorgan response. Curr Probl Cardiol 45:100618.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. ↵
    1. MacLaren G,
    2. Fisher D,
    3. Brodie D
    (2020) Preparing for the most critically ill patients with COVID-19:The potential role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JAMA 323:1245–1246.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Wang D,
    2. Hu B,
    3. Hu C,
    4. Zhu F,
    5. Liu X,
    6. Zhang J,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323:1061–1069.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. ↵
    1. Zhang G,
    2. Hu C,
    3. Luo L,
    4. Fang F,
    5. Chen Y,
    6. Li J,
    7. et al.
    (2020) Clinical features, and short-term outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol 127:104364.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. ↵
    1. Ruan Q,
    2. Yang K,
    3. Wang W,
    4. Jiang L,
    5. Song J
    (2020) Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med 05(46):846–848.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Saudi Medical Journal: 41 (11)
Saudi Medical Journal
Vol. 41, Issue 11
1 Nov 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Saudi Medical Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Saudi Medical Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Saudi Medical Journal web site.
Citation Tools
Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia
Samah I. Abohamr, Rami M. Abazid, Mubarak A. Aldossari, Hala A. Amer, Omar S. Badhawi, Obaid M. Aljunaidi, Shaimaa H. Alzarzour, Hiba M. Saadeddin, Fayaz A. Bhat, Eman Elsheikh
Saudi Medical Journal Nov 2020, 41 (11) 1217-1226; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2020.11.25495

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia
Samah I. Abohamr, Rami M. Abazid, Mubarak A. Aldossari, Hala A. Amer, Omar S. Badhawi, Obaid M. Aljunaidi, Shaimaa H. Alzarzour, Hiba M. Saadeddin, Fayaz A. Bhat, Eman Elsheikh
Saudi Medical Journal Nov 2020, 41 (11) 1217-1226; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2020.11.25495
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgment
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Integration of functional capacity to medically necessary, time-sensitive scoring system: A prospective observational study
  • Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • The risk factors for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Saudi Arabia
  • Prolonged flight exposure and its effects on sinonasal health among aircrew members
  • Identifying individuals at risk of post-stroke depression
Show more Original Article

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • COVID-19
  • in-hospital
  • clinical characteristics
  • mortality
  • Saudi Arabia

CONTENT

  • home

JOURNAL

  • home

AUTHORS

  • home
Saudi Medical Journal

© 2025 Saudi Medical Journal Saudi Medical Journal is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention.  Saudi Medical Journal is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3175. Print ISSN 0379-5284.

Powered by HighWire