Abstract
Objectives: To determine the risk factors for the development of anorectal malformations (ARM).
Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH), Al Madinah Al Munnawarah, Saudi Arabia. The sample was taken from the ARM cases admitted at MCH between January 2013 and December 2017. The controls were selected from well-baby clinics in primary health care centers. Parents of the cases and the controls were interviewed based on a questionnaire. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used in the analysis.
Results: The study included 48 cases and 96 controls with 31 (64.6%) cases of isolated ARM and 17 (35.4%) cases of associated ARM. Among the ARM cases, 27 (56.3%) were males and 21 (43.8%) were females. In multivariate analysis, we found consanguinity to be associated with an increased risk of developing ARM with odds ratio (OR): 2.43, 95% CI: 1.12-5, and p=0.025, in addition to maternal obesity, with OR: 4.36, 95% CI: 1.2-15.8, and p=0.025.
Conclusion: Consanguinity and maternal obesity (body mass index >30) were found to be risk factors for ARM development.
Anorectal malformations (ARM) are congenital disorders that affect nearly 1/2000 to 1/5000 newborns.1 The incidence in Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah, Saudi Arabia is estimated to be 1/1000, which is higher than the incidence reported in many countries.2 Anorectal malformation encompass a spectrum of anomalies that affect the lower part of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems and present in different phenotypes. One of the simplest as well as popular classification is the Krickenbeck classification, wherein males were classified as perineal fistula, rectourethral bulbar fistula, rectourethral prostatic fistula, and rectovesical fistula. While in females, they were classified as perineal fistula, vestibular fistula, and cloacal lesions.3 Anorectal malformations may be present as an isolated anomaly or associated with others.
The exact etiology for ARM is unknown; however, there are previous studies claiming that both genetic and non-genetic factors play a role. Among the non-genetic factors that have been studied are the maternal and paternal factors. Many maternal risk factors have been investigated, including diabetes, obesity, fever during pregnancy, exposure to smoking during pregnancy, exposure to household smoke, and the use of anti-asthma and hypnotic medications as well as benzodiazepines during pregnancy.4,5 Gestational diabetes has a high prevalence in Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah and it is one of the factors that need more evidence to assess their relation to ARM.6,7 With regard to paternal factors, cigarette and water pipe smoking were the main concerns. Water pipe smoking is highly prevalent in eastern communities, and there have been concerns about its effect on pregnancy outcomes, as it is associated with the same toxins as cigarette smoking and its effect may be augmented in presence of pre-gestational diabetes.8 Nevertheless, only a few factors were consistently found to be associated with ARMs, notably multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal overweight, obesity, and pre-existing diabetes.4 Family history seems to have a contribution in ARM etiology.9
The aim of this study is to determine the maternal and paternal risk factors for the development of ARM.
Methods
This study was conducted in the Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH) and primary healthcare centers in Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah, Saudi Arabia. The MCH is the only government hospital that offers pediatric surgery in Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah, region.
The case-control study design was used in the current study. We included all patients admitted at MCH in Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah between 2013 and 2017, diagnosed with isolated ARM or ARM associated with other anomalies (non-syndromic), whose parents could be contacted. Controls were defined as children under 5 years of age, without congenital anomalies, who attended the well-baby clinics in the primary health centers in Al-Madinah region. We excluded all cases that have not met the above-mentioned criteria. Controls were also excluded if they were diagnosed to have other congenital anomalies.
The required sample size was calculated by using the Kelsey equation through OpenEpi.10 The desired study power was 80% at 95 confidence interval (CI), with 51% prevalence of exposure among controls and the odds ratio (OR) was 3, and the case to control ratio was 1:2.4,6,11 The required sample size was 47 cases and 93 controls.
All ARM cases admitted at MCH, who met the inclusion criteria, were included. The controls, on the other hand, were selected and interviewed from the well-baby clinics in 5 primary health centers within the Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah region. The primary health centers were selected from different geographical areas, where 4 centers were within Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah city and one center was in a rural area. In each center, the data collection was undertaken by trained staff, mainly one physician and one to 2 assistant nurses. The case to control ratio was 1:2, matched for the age and gender of the children.
A questionnaire was developed in Arabic, based on the literature review and the Genetic, Occupational and Environmental risk factors for Anomalies in children (AGORA) and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) questionnaires. The questions obtained from the validated AGORA questionnaire were in 2 parts, addressed to the mother and the father, and were developed by Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands, questions about cigarette smoking were modified from the validated PRAMS questionnaire, which was structured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).12,13
The first section of the questionnaire was related to the demographic data of the mother, father, and child, such as age (of child/parents), gender, and nationality. The other section contained detailed questions about certain risk factors, such as multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal weight and height (BMI), gestational diabetes, pre-existing diabetes, and maternal intake of contraceptive pills, folic acid, iron supplements, antibiotics, and medication for psychiatric illness, in addition to exposure to household smoke and parental smoking (either cigarette or water pipe).
To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, a face validity was performed by one of the researcher from the same specialty, the Department of Pediatrics (pediatric surgery) in the MCH hospital. The second researcher was from the Department of Community Medicine and was concerned with the technical validity of the questionnaire. Furthermore, the questionnaire’s clarity and understandability to parents was tested on a number of parents at the pediatric surgery clinic in the MCH hospital before starting the study.
Operational definition of outcome and independent variables
Anorectal malformations were defined as the absence of an anus or an abnormal anus, with or without a fistula, and they were classified according to the Krickenbeck criteria.3 The diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical findings as well as the images of lateral cross-table radiography and the distal colostography with a created colostomy. In addition, echocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, and spine radiography findings were also analyzed. The cases were categorized as follows: isolated ARM and associated ARM.2
Independent variables were defined as follows: 1) gestational diabetes as diabetes mellitus arising in the pregnancy; 2) current smoker, who has smoked 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetime and who currently smokes cigarettes; 3) water pipe smoking was defined as smoking water pipe at least once a month: 4) multiple pregnancy as woman has 2 or more babies in her uterus; 5) preterm delivery as delivered in less than 37 weeks of gestation; and 6) low birth weight, birth weight less than 2500 grams.14-16
The medical records were reviewed to enumerate the ARM cases documented between 2013 and 2017. The following information was then extracted from the charts: patient characteristics, type of anomaly, associated anomalies, and contact information of the parents. Trained physicians then conducted either a direct interview or a telephonic interview.
The direct interview/phone interview centered around the questionnaire and information was obtained from both the parents, when available.
Statistical analysis
Data analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 20 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive (categorical and continuous variables), univariate (Chi-square), and multivariate analysis (multiple logistic regression) were used to assess the selected risk factors for ARM. Fisher’s exact test was used when the assumption was not met in the Chi-square test for association. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the General Directory in the Ministry of Health and Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Madinah Al Munnawarah, Saudi Arabia. Informed consent was obtained from participating parents, including an explanation of the study and the right of withdrawing from the study without any responsibility.
Results
Following the reviewing of records, 83 cases were included in the study. Cases that were excluded were as follows: those with known chromosomal abnormalities (n=11), cases with missing contact information (n=14), and non-respondents (n=10). Finally, 48 cases and 96 controls were included in the study. The number of isolated ARM was 31 (64.6%), whereas the number of associated ARM cases was 17 (35.4%). Among the ARM cases, 56.3% were males and 43.8 were females. The types of ARM were as follows: perineal fistula (4.2%), anterior displaced anus (25%), rectal atresia with urethral fistula (41.7%) rectal atresia (10.4%), vestibular anus (16.6%), and cloacal malformations (2.1%) (Table 1). On the other hand, among the controls, there were 54 males and 42 females. The distributions of descriptive characteristics of the risk factors for cases and controls are shown in Table 2. The following results were obtained in the univariate analysis (Table 2): Nationality (p=0.010); consanguinity (1st degree) (p=0.012); body mass index (BMI) underweight (p=0.026) and BMI obese (p=0.002); gestational age, premature (p=0.028); and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (p=0.097).
Anorectal malformation types, isolated ARM and associated ARM,among males and females
Factors associated with anorectal malformations (ARM) development in univariate analysis.
All variables associated significantly with ARM in univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate analysis (BMI, gestational age, nationality and consanguinity [1st degree relative]). Prematurity was found statistically insignificant. However, cases with consanguinity were found to have a higher risk of developing ARM compared to that in the controls (p=0.025); obese mothers showed a higher risk of developing ARM with (p=0.025). Children of non-Saudi parents when compared to those of Saudi parents, showed a risk of developing ARM (p=0.034) (Table 3).
Factors associated with anorectal malformations development in multivariate analysis (logistic regression).
Discussion
This retrospective study investigated the association between a number of maternal and paternal risk factors and the development of ARMs. Multivariate analysis concluded that, among the examined factors, consanguinity of parents and maternal obesity showed a significant association with the development of ARM. Consanguinity in the local population has been studied and reported as a risk factor for the development of other malformations, and only one study reported on its association with anal atresia.17,18 Other factors that have been studied did not seem to be associated with ARM, such age, maternal diabetes, hypertension, gestational diabetes, fever during pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia, intake of contraceptive pills, and folic acid supplementation.
In a Dutch case-control study, it was found that fever during pregnancy and maternal obesity were risk factors.19 In another case-control study from 17 European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies registries for the period between 1980 and 2008, it was found that fever during pregnancy and pre-eclampsia were risk factors for ARM if there were other congenital anomalies present, but not in isolated ARM.20 In a population-based case-control study from Sweden involving children with ARM born in the period 1973 to 2014, it was found that maternal obesity (BMI >30), prematurity, and small for gestational age were among the risk factors for ARM.21
In a case-control study from Germany involving 158 infants with ARM and 474 healthy infants born between 1993 and 2008, there was a significant association with peri-conceptional maternal smoking and maternal chronic respiratory diseases.22 The finding that maternal diabetes is not a risk factor goes with the reported results of some studies and contradicts others.19,21,23 In the meta-analysis by Zwink et al,23 it included 22 studies investigating the association between smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, obesity, diabetes, occupational hazards and the development of ARM. Only paternal smoking and maternal overweight/obesity and diabetes were found to be risk factors. Furthermore, in another systematic review maternal obesity was a fairly associated risk factor of ARM.24
In this study, we could not find any association in specific between paternal smoking (cigarette and water pipe) and ARM. However, other significant finding in this study is that non-Saudi nationality appeared to be a significant risk factor in ARM cases. This may be attributed to expensive maternal care before and during pregnancy or the social and genetic background. Additional studies are suggested to explore why those nationalities are at risk.
Study limitations
One of the limitation is the bias that may occurred in such design. The estimated risk of bias in a case-control study starts with the retrospective pattern, either in the information obtained or in the selection of cases and controls. The information is at risk of recall bias, in which multiple risk factors may be difficult to be recalled by the parents, such as maternal weight before pregnancy, and the expected difference in recalling between the cases and the controls. Another expected bias concerns socially sensitive information, such as maternal smoking of either cigarettes or the water pipe, which may give a low estimate of the real situation. Another limitation was that this study included only available cases in the MCH hospital; thus, the small sample size. Another limitation arises in the setting, which is restricted to one center rather than being multi-center. Regarding the selection of cases, it was difficult to differentiate syndromic and non-syndromic cases in associated ARM; therefore, we excluded the known chromosome anomalies to restrict the chosen cases as much as possible. The study could not be conducted with isolated ARM alone because of the inadequate number of cases.
This study looked at a huge number of risk factors for ARM development in the local population and found the association between consanguinity and ARM development. Matching the study groups for age and gender added strength to the confounding factors. Choosing community-based relatively healthy children as controls can decrease the bias in selection and reflect the real situation of the selected risk factors.
In conclusion, consanguinity between parents and maternal obesity were found to be associated risk factors for the development of ARM.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. Iris A.L.M. van Rooij, Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands, for providing us the AGORA questionnaire. We also would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for the English language editing.
Footnotes
Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company.
- Received July 31, 2019.
- Accepted December 26, 2019.
- Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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