Article Figures & Data
Tables
Variables n (%) Female 52 (51.5) Age (months), Mean±SD 49.9±53.4 ≤12 months 36 (35.6) 12-24 months 13 (12.9) >24 months 52 (51.5) Hospital admission in the working hours 86 (85.1) Categorical diagnosis Respiratory 37 (36.6) Sepsis 31 (30.7) Cardiac disease 12 (11.9) Tumors 7 (6.9) CNS 6 (5.9) Trauma 5 (5.0) Other 3 (3.0) Time of death Working hours 31 (30.7) After hours 70 (69.3) Quarter of the year 1st quarter 28 (27.7) 2nd quarter 23 (22.8) 3rd quarter 23 (22.8) 4th quarter 27 (26.7) Length of stay Hospital, median (Qrt.1-Qrt.3) 10 (3, 37) PICU length of stay days, median (Qrt.1-Qrt.3) 6 (2, 18.5) SD: standard deviation, CNS: central nervous system, PICU: pediatric intensive care unit
Variables n (%) Mode of death F-CPR 51 (50.5) WLST 43 (42.6) Brain death 7 (6.9) DNR order 50 (49.5) Cause of death Shock - septic 31 (30.7) Lower respiratory infection 19 (18.8) Cardiac diseases 12 (11.9) Respiratory failure due to CNS disease 12 (11.9) Tumors 7 (6.9) Pulmonary hemorrhage 6 (5.9) Other* 14 (13.9) Presented with infection upon admission 63 (62.4) Type of infection identified across admission** Bacterial 43 (68.3) Viral 14 (22.2) Fungal 10 (15.9) Undetermined# 4 (6.3) Site of sample Blood 43 (36.7) Respiratory 33 (28.2) Urine 20 (17.1) CSF 9 (7.7) Other sites@ 12 (10.3) F-CPR: failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, WLST: withholding life-sustaining treatment, DNR: do not resuscitate, CNS: central nervous system, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, * others include: renal failure, liver failure, primary immunodeficiency, trauma, massive stroke, CNS infections, and intracranial hemorrhage. ** Eight patients had mixed infections. # Clinically suspected infection but no positive cultures. @ Include skin, peritoneal and body fluid
- Table 3
- Length of PICU stay in relation to demographic and clinical characteristics, with bivariate analysis for groups with shorter and longer than one-week PICU stay.
Demographics <1 week (n=52) ≥1 week (n=49) Test statistic P-value n (%) Gender Female 27 (51.9) 25 (51.0) χ2(1)=0.01 0.928 Male 25(48.1) 24 (49) Age (months), mean±SD 52.81±51.6 46.8±55.6 t (99)=0.60 0.889 Presented with infections upon admission 27 (51.9) 36 (76.5) χ2(1)=4.99 0.025 Type of infection identified across admission Bacterial 17 (32.7) 26 (53.1) χ2(1)=4.30 0.039 Viral 7 (13.5) 7 (14.3) χ2(1)=0.02 0.905 Fungal 1 (1.9) 9 (18.4) χ2(1)=5.92 0.015 Undetermined* 3 (5.8) 1 (2.0) χ2(1)=0.202 0.653 Intensive care interventions Mechanical ventilation 44 (84.6) 48 (98.0) χ2(1)=4.01 0.045 Total parenteral nutrition 4 (7.7) 12 (24.5) χ2(1)=4.34 0.021 Inotropic support 39 (75.0) 36 (73.5) χ2(1)=0.03 0.860 Blood product transfusions 21 (40.4) 21 (42.9) χ2(1)=0.06 0.801 Mode of death F-CPR 31 (59.6) 20 (40.8) χ2(1)=3.57 0.059 WLST 16 (30.8) 27 (55.1) χ2(1)=6.11 0.013 Brain death 5 (9.6) 2 (4.1) χ2(1)=0.50 0.482 DNR order 19 (36.6) 31 (63.7) χ2(1)=7.30 0.007 Cause of death Shock - septic 13 (25.0) 18 (36.7) χ2(6)=9.7 0.14 Lower respiratory infection 9 (17.3) 10 (20.4) Cardiac diseases 10 (19.2) 2 (4.1) Respiratory failure secondary to CNS disease 5 (9.6) 7 (14.3) Tumors 3 (5.8) 4 (8.2) Pulmonary hemorrhage 4 (7.7) 2 (4.1) Other 8 (15.4) 6 (12.2) PICU: pediatric intensive care unit, SD: standard deviation, F-CPR: failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, WLST: withholding life-sustaining treatment, DNR: do not resuscitate, CNS: central nervous system
- Appendix 1
- Time of death in relation to demographic and clinical characteristics, bivariate analysis of mortalities time of death (working/after hours).
Demographics Time of death Test statistic P-value Working hours (n=31) After hours (n=70) n (%) Gender Female 20 (64.5) 32 (45.7) χ2(1)=3.04 0.081 Male 11 (35.5) 38 (54.3) Age (months), mean±SD 52±57.3 48.91±51.9 t (99)=0.30 0.786 Hospital admission time 26 (83.9) 60 (85.7) χ2(1)=0.1 0.810 Length of stay Hospital, median (Qrt.1, Qrt.3) 10 (5, 30) 9.5 (2, 37) U (101)=1034 0.707 PICU, median (Qrt.1, Qrt.3) 7 (4,18) 7.5 (2, 20) U (101)=1071 0.921 Mode of death F-CPR 15 (48.4) 36 (51.4) χ2(1)=4.1 0.778 WLST 14 (45.2) 29 (41.4) χ2(1)=0.122 0.726 Brain death 2 (6.5) 5 (7.1) χ2(1)=0.020 0.900 Presented with infections upon admission 19 (61.3) 44 (62.9) χ2(1)=0.022 0.881 DNR order 15 (48.4) 35 (50) χ2(1)=0.022 0.881 Cause of death Shock - septic 15 (48.4) 16 (22.8) χ2(6)=11.375 0.078 Lower respiratory infection 3 (9.7) 16 (22.8) Cardiac diseases 5 (16.1) 7 (10.0) Respiratory failure secondary to CNS disease 2 (6.4) 10 (14.3) Tumors 1 (3.2) 6 (8.6) Pulmonary hemorrhage 2 (6.4) 4 (5.7) Others* 3 (9.7) 11 (15.7) ↵* Others include: renal failure, liver failure, primary immunodeficiency, trauma, massive stroke, CNS infections, and intracranial hemorrhage. SD: standard deviation, Qrt.1: first quartile, Qrt.3: third quartile, PICU: pediatric intensive care unit, F-CPR: failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, WLST: withholding life-sustaining treatment, DNR: do not resuscitate, CNS: central nervous system
