Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of refractory type 2 diabetes patients: Findings from a case-control study

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Figure 1
- Change in HbA1c levels among refractory patients (n=1153). Trend of glycated hemoglobin levels for patients by visit.

Table 1

- Baseline characteristics of patients with refractory diabetes (n=5708).

Characteristic	Refractory Patients (n=1153)	Patients with HbA1c ≤9 (n=4555)	P-value^*
Age	58.5 ± 11.7	60.2 ± 11.6	<0.001
*Age Categories*
20-30	7 (0.6)	35 (0.8)	<0.001
31-40	69 (6.0)	176 (3.9)
41-50	212 (18.4)	692 (15.2)
51-60	389 (33.7)	1486 (32.6)
61-70	301 (26.1)	1351 (29.7)
>70 years old	175 (15.2)	815 (17.9)
Female	731 (63.4)	2577 (56.6)	<0.001
Smoker	24 (2.1)	106 (2.3)	0.618
*Body mass index (BMI) (n=3198)^{^†}*	32.42 ± 6.1	32.8 ± 6.4	0.139
BMI ≤30	261 (41.6)	1005 (39.1)	0.244
BMI >30	366 (58.4)	1566 (60.9)
Duration of diabetes (n=5558)	13.3 ± 7.4	12.2 ± 7.8	<0.001
Systolic BP (n=5625)	127 ± 16.3	127 ± 15.5	0.766
Diastolic BP (n=5625)	67.6 ±11.9	68 ±11.3	0.267
LDL (n=5407)	2.7 ± 0.91	2.4 ± 0.8	<0.001
Albumin creatinine ratio (n=2535)^{^†}	18.01 ± 88.5	10.8 ±44.1	0.060

↵* P-value for Chi-square and independent t-test, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers.
↵^† The data was missing for some of the variables such as BMI and Albumin creatinine ratio because we did not collect the data for these variables at the beginning of the registry.

Table 2

- Change in mean HbA1c among patients with refractory and non-refractory diabetes (n=5708)

Refractory patients	N	Mean	SD	P-values
*Hba1c1*
Patients with HbA1c ≤9	4538	7.77	1.34	<0.001
Refractory patients	1151	9.70	1.59
*Hba1c2*
Patients with HbA1c ≤9	4351	7.46	1.04	<0.001
Refractory patients	1092	9.80	1.30
*Hba1c3*
Patients with HbA1c ≤9	2216	7.62	0.85	<0.001
Refractory patients	677	9.92	1.05
*Hba1c4*
Patients with HbA1c ≤9	425	7.81	0.72	<0.001
Refractory patients	164	10.07	0.95

Table 3

- Predictors of refractory diabetes (n=1153).

Variables	OR (95%CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (95%CI) Model 1^*	Adjusted OR (95%CI) Model 2^{^†}
Age (cont)	0.98(0.98-0.99)	<0.001	0.97 (0.96-0.98)	0.96 (0.95-0.98)
*Gender*
Female	1.33(1.16-1.51)	<0.001
Male	Reference
*Smoking*
Yes	1.12(0.71-1.75)	0.618
No	Reference
Duration of diabetes (cont)	1.01 (1.01-1.02)	<0.001	1.03(1.01-1.05)	1.03(1.01-1.05)
Body mass index (cont)^{^†}	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.148	0.97(0.95-0.99)	0.97(0.95-0.99)
Blood pressure diastolic (cont)	0.99 (0.99-1.00)	0.253
Blood pressure systolic (cont)	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.759
LDL(cont)	1.30 (1.20-1.40)	<0.001	1.42(1.24-1.63)	1.41(1.23-.62)
Albumin/creatinine ratio (cont)^{^†}	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	0.021

↵* adjusted for gender, albumin creatinine,
↵^† adjusted for gender, albumin creatinine, diastolic blood pressure, ^† The data was missing for some of the variables such as body mass index and Albumin creatinine ratio because we did not collect the data for these variables at the beginning of the registry. OR: odds ratio