Sleep quality and insomnia during the COVID-19 lockdown among the Saudi public: A cross-sectional study

Adel S. Alharbi; Sultan M. Alshahrani; Muslim M. Alsaadi; Hamdan H. AL-Jahdali; Siraj O. Wali; Ahmed S. BaHammam

doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.4.20200735

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Figure 1
- Pittsburgh sleep quality index score in Saudi population.

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Table 1

- Demographic characteristics.

Demographics	N (%)
Age
≤40	513 (64.9)
41-60	254 (32.2)
>60	23 (2.9)
Gender
Male	371 (46.9)
Female	419 (53.1)
Nationality
Saudi	735 (92.9)
Non-Saudi	55 (7)
Marital status
Married	512 (64.7)
Single	240 (30.4)
Widow	9 (1.1)
Divorced	29 (3.7)
Education
Primary	6 (0.8)
Secondary	67 (8.5)
University	717 (90.6)
Employment
Employee	601 (76)
Non-employee	189 (23.9)
Occupation
Healthcare workers	165 (20.8)
Enterprise or institution workers	271 (43.3)
Teachers or students	157 (19.8)
Unknown	8 (1.01)

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Table 2

- Association of demographic, clinical characteristics, insomnia (ASQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Variables	Global PSQI	Quality	Latency	Duration	Efficiency	Distribution	Sleeping medications	Daytime dysfunction
Age
≤40	6.57±3.84^a	1.04±0.99^a	1.47±1.05^a	1.10±1.02^a	0.74±1.02^a	1.18±0.57^a	0.36±0.84^a	0.94±0.84^a
41-60	6.78±3.74^a	1.11±1.07^a	1.47±1.04^a	1.07±1.01^a	0.81±1.08^a	1.23±0.60^a	0.38±0.84^a	1.01±0.81^a
>60	7.60±4.20^a	1.00±1.00^a	1.65±1.15^a	1.47±0.99^a	0.84±1.06^a	1.08±0.42^a	0.74±1.29^a	0.96±0.88^a
Marital status
Single	6.28±3.70^a	0.96±0.95^a	1.32±1.03^a	1.19±0.98^ac	0.75±1.04^a	1.15±0.58^a	0.37±0.87^a	0.79±0.76^a
Married	7.50±3.83^b	1.26±1.09^b	1.77±1.04^b	0.92±1.05^b	0.78±1.01^a	1.29±0.55^b	0.40±0.85^a	1.34±0.83^b
Widow	7.33±4.36^ab	1.11±1.27a, ^b	1.78±1.09^ab	2.00±1.07^ac	2.75±0.50^b	1.11±0.93^ab	-	0.67±0.71^ab
Divorced	6.44±4.64^ab	1.17±1.18a, ^b	1.48±1.02^ab	0.89±1.05^b	0.70±1.12^a	1.13±0.63^ab	0.40±0.84a	1.00±0.95^ab
Gender
Male	6.24±3.50^a	0.95±0.94^a	1.30±1.01^a	1.26±0.93^a	0.65±0.99^a	1.10±0.56^a	0.38±0.86^a	0.85±0.75^a
Female	7.04±4.05^b	1.157±1.07 ^b	1.62±1.06^b	0.97±1.07^b	0.87±1.07 ^b	1.28±0.58^b	0.38±0.85^a	1.07±0.88^b
Nationality
Saudi	6.65±3.77^a	1.04±1.02^a	1.49±1.05^a	1.08±1.02^a	0.78±1.06^a	1.20±0.58^a	0.37±0.85^a	0.97±0.81^a
Non-Saudi	6.89±4.40^a	1.28±0.92^a	1.27±1.11^a	1.39±0.97^b	0.54±0.76^a	1.18±0.58^a	0.51±0.97^a	0.96±1.00^a
Education
Primary	7.60±6.50^a	1.20±1.09^a	0.80±0.84^a	1.75±1.50^a	2.67±0.58^a	1.40±1.14^a	0.60±1.34^a	0.60±0.89^a
Secondary	6.71±3.95^a	0.98±0.97^a	1.52±1.00^a	1.17±1.12^a	1.00±1.20^b	1.18±0.58^a	0.46±1.03^a	0.84±0.83^a
University	6.66±3.79^a	1.07±1.02^a	1.47±1.06^a	1.10±1.00^a	0.74±1.02^b	1.19±0.57^a	0.37±0.84^a	0.98±0.83^a
Employment
Employee	6.62±3.80^a	1.05±1.02^a	1.46±1.04^a	1.13±1.01^a	0.72±1.01^a	1.19±0.58^a	0.37±0.83^a	0.96±0.83^a
Non-employees	6.84±3.88^a	1.09±1.03^a	1.50±1.08^a	1.01±1.03^a	0.94±1.11^b	1.19±0.56^a	0.42±0.94^a	0.99±0.83^a
Occupation
Healthcare workers	6.72±3.72^a	1.09±1.03^a	1.52±1.01^a	1.16±0.99^a	0.84±1.08^a	1.15±0.60^a	0.43±0.89^a	0.99±0.83^a
Enterprise or institution workers	6.55±3.83^a	1.03±1.00^a	1.44±1.06^a	1.15±1.00^a	0.72±1.03^a	1.21±0.53^a	0.31±0.77^a	0.99±0.83^a
Teachers or students	6.63±3.87^a	1.10±1.02^a	1.44±1.05^a	1.08±1.06^a	0.61±0.90^a	1.21±0.64^a	0.41±0.87^a	0.99±0.83^a
Insomnia (ASQ)
No	6.47±3.69^a	1.03±0.98^a	1.49±1.08^a	1.11±1.00^a	0.72±1.02^a	1.16±0.55^a	0.32±0.77^a	0.92±0.83^a
Yes	6.84±3.92^a	1.08±1.05^a	1.45±1.03^a	1.10±1.03^a	0.80±1.06^a	1.22±0.60^a	0.43±0.92^a	1.01±0.83^a

Data are presented as mean± SD. Means within the same column carrying different superscripts are significantly different at (p<0.05).

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Table 3

- Logistic regression of poor sleep quality.

Independent variables	Poor sleep quality OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age
≤40	Ref
41-60	1.18 (0.87, 1.59)	0.287
>60	1.09 (0.47, 2.55)	0.828
Gender
Male	Ref
Female	1.25 (0.95, 1.67)	0.111
Nationality
Saudi	1.04 (0.60, 1.81)	0.872
Non-Saudi	Ref
Marital status
Married	1.15 (0.54, 2.44)	0.70
Single	1.88 (0.86, 4.08)	0.109
Widow	3.74 (0.66, 21.19)	0.135
Divorced	Ref
Education
Primary	Ref
Secondary	1.85 (0.29, 11.7)	0.515
University	1.88 (0.31, 11.4)	0.488
Employment
Employee	0.93 (0.68, 1.27)	0.682
Non-employee	Ref

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Table 4

- Association between demographic and clinical characteristics and Insomnia (ASQ).

Demographic characteristics	Insomnia (ASQ)Non insomnia Insomnia		P-value
Age			0.817
<41	233 (45.4)	280 (54.6)
41-60	116 (45.7)	138 (54.3)
>60	12 (52.2)	11 (47.8)
Nationality			0.172
Non-Saudi	30 (54.5)	25 (45.5)
Saudi	331 (45.0)	404 (55.0)
Marital status			0.028
Single	93 (38.8)	147 (61.3)
Married	254 (49.6)	258 (50.4)
Widow	3(33.3)	6 (66.7)
Divorced	11 (37.9)	18 (62.1)
Gender			0.947
Male	170 (45.8)	201 (54.2)
Female	191 (45.6)	228 (54.4)
Education			0.827
Primary	2(33.3)	4 (66.7)
Secondary	31 (46.3)	36 (53.7)
University	328 (45.7)	389 (54.3)
Employment			0.692
Non-employee	84 (44.4)	105 (55.6)
Employee	277 (46.1)	324 (53.9)
Occupation			0.001
Healthcare workers	93 (56.4)	72 (43.6)
Enterprise or institution workers	124 (45.8)	147 (54.2)
Teacher and student	60 (36.4)	105 (63.6)
Global sleep score			0.258
Good sleep	168 (48.0)	182 (52.0)
Poor sleep	193 (44.0)	246 (56.0)