Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Relation to disease activity, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation

Heba R. Salem and Enas S. Zahran
Saudi Medical Journal June 2021, 42 (6) 620-628; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2021.42.6.20200753

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    - Scatter plot representing the correlation between Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) and serum level of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). r=correlation coefficient. P<0.001 is highly significant.

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    - Scatter plot representing the correlation between Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) and A) erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), B) C-reactive protein (CRP), C): malondialdehyde (MDA), and D): total antioxidant capacity. r=correlation coefficient. P<0.05 is significant. P<0.001 is highly significant.

  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    - Scatter plot representing the correlation between serum level of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and A) erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), B) C-reactive protein (CRP), C) malondialdehyde (MDA), and D) total antioxidant capacity. r=correlation coefficient. P<0.05 is significant. P<0.001 is highly significant.

Tables

  • Table 1

    - Demographic and clinical data of the studied groups (N=150).

    DemographicRheumatoid arthritis patientsGroup III (Control) (n=50)Test of significanceP-value
    Group I (n=50)Group II (n=50)
    Age (year) (mean±SD)39.7 ± 7.836.0 ± 10.438.5 ± 6.32.60.165
    Gender (%)     
    Male5 (10)4 (8)6 (12)0.3940.801
    Female45 (90)46 (92)44 (88)  
    No. of joints affected11.7 ± 3.611.1 ± 2.3-1.1510.558
    Cardiac affection21-0.50.3
    Pulmonary affection10-0.0011
    GIT affection00 - 
    Renal affection00 - 
    DAS282.3 ± 0.754.4 ± 0.1-3.60.05
    Data are expressed as mean ± SD for quantitative data or number percentage for qualitative data unless indicated. DAS-28: Disease Activity Score-28. p≤0.05 is significant.
  • Table 2

    - Laboratory data of the studied groups (N=150).

    VariablesRheumatoid arthritis patientsGroup III (control) (n=50)Test of significanceP-value
    Group I (n=50)Group II (n=50)
    Hb (gm/dl)10.6 ± 1.010.3 ± 1.113.1 ± 0.414.5<0.001
    Post Hoc  P1=0.247, P2<0.001, P3<0.001  
    WBCs (cells/μL)5.4 ± 1.75.9 ± 1.55.5 ± 1.11.60.199
    Post Hoc  P1=0.186, P2=0.852, P3=0.441  
    PLT (103/μL)259.4 ± 100.6265.5 ± 82.2282.3 ± 48.20.90.408
    Post Hoc  P1=0.922, P2=0.394, P3=0.627  
    ESR (mm/hr)24.3 ± 13.284.4 ± 32.56.3 ± 1.520.2<0.001
    Post hoc  P1<0.001, P2 <0.001, P3 <0.001  
    CRP (mg/dL)12.9 ± 9.742.2 ± 11.15.02 ± 1.126.2<0.001
    Post Hoc  P1<0.001, P2<0.001, P3<0.001  
    RBG (mg/dl)100.4 ± 14.1100.0 ± 12.9100.1 ± 12.70.140.986
    Post hoc  P1=0.988, P2=0.988, P3=1.00  
    Total cholesterol (mg/dl)178.4 ± 21.0177.1 ± 21.1165.6 ± 20.75.60.004
    Post hoc  P1=0.948, P2=0.008, P3=0.019  
    TG (mg/dl)136.6 ± 21.8141.3 ± 21.3120.1 ± 19.213.8<0.001
    Post hoc  P1=0.493, P2<0.001, P3<0.001  
    LDL (mg/dl)87.06 ± 7.088.5 ± 7.384.6 ± 6.34.00.020
    Post hoc  P1=0.518, P2=0.202, P3=0.015  
    HDL (mg/dl)49.1 ± 6.248.2 ± 5.755.1 ± 4.622.7<0.001
    Post hoc  P1=0.657, P2<0.001, P3<0.001  
    Atherogenic index0.08 ± 0.10.1 ± 0.10.01 ± 0.17.60.001
    Post hoc  P1=0.717, P2=0.011, P3=0.001  
    Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Hb: Hemoglobin, WBCS: white blood cells, PLT: platelets, ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C-reactive protein, RBG: random blood glucose. TG: triglycerides, LDL: low density lipoprotein, HDL: high density lipoprotein. P1: Group I vs II, P2: Group I vs III, P3: Group II vs III. P<0.05 is significant. P≤0.001 is highly significant.
  • Table 3

    - Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress markers in the studied groups.

    VariablesRheumatoid arthritis patients N=100Control N=50Test of significanceP-value
    VCAM-1 (pg/ml)1258.1 ± 386.3759.9 ± 169.28.6<0.001
    Total antioxidant capacity (mM/L)1.2 ± 0.11.3 ± 0.11.90.05
    MDA (nmol/ml)6.5 ± 3.54.08 ± 2.54.3<0.001
     Group 1 N=50Group 2 N=50Control N=50  
    VCAM-1 (pg/ml)Mean ± SD 1022.1 ± 200.1Mean ± SD 1494.1 ± 384.5Mean ± SD 75 9.9 ± 169.295.8<0.001
    P1<0.001, P2<0.001, P3<0.001
    Total antioxidant capacity (mM/L)1.3 ± 0.11.1 ± 0.21.3 ± 0.113.0<0.001
    P1<0.001, P2=0.832, P3<0.001
    MDA (nmol/ml)5.6 ± 3.77.3 ± 3.14.08 ± 2.513.2<0.001
    P1=0.025, P2=0.035, P3<0.001
    Data are expressed as mean ± SD. VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. MDA: malondialdehyde.P1: Group I vs II, P2: Group I vs III, P3: Group II vs III. P≤0.05 is significant. P<0.001 is highly significant.
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