Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- The cascade of events after a superficial skin trauma. MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell, PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- Figure 2
- Major cytokines and growth factors released by mesenchymal stem cells and their role in wound healing and cutaneous regeneration. AMSC: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor, HGF: hepatocyte growth factor, TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β, PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, TIMPs: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1, IL: interleukin, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, CXCL1: the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, IFN-γ: interferon gamma, HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
- Figure 3
- Mesenchymal stem cells immunomodulatory roles in wound closure. Adipose-derived MSCs (AMSCs) interfere with the expression and secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and selectively promote the expression of pro-healing and pro-fibrotic cytokines and cells. As well, AMSCs have a suppressive effect on inflammatory cells like neutrophils, M1 macrophages, and T cells. The cumulative effect of such roles of AMSCs is to shorten duration and enhance wound closure. TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, IL: interleukin, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ: interferon gamma
- Figure 4
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes regulate migration, proliferation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis, and have immunomodulatory roles at wound site. AMSC: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid, miRNA: microRNA, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, AKT: protein kinase B, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, T regs: regulatory T cells, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4
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