The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among university students in Wasit, Iraq

Alaa H. Zamil; Seenaa S. Amin

doi:10.15537/smj.2022.43.11.20220558

References

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1. Naghipour M,
2. Joukar F,
3. Nikbakht H-A,
4. Hassanipour S,
5. Asgharnezhad M,
6. Arab-Zozani M, et al.
High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related demographic factors in North of Iran: results from the Persian Guilan cohort study. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021.
2.↵
1. Pai NN,
2. Meenakshi G.
Metabolic syndrome risk assessment among adults in Udupi District, Karnataka. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal 2020; 8: 142–148.
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3.↵
1. Jabbar TL,
2. Kasim AA.
Association of retinol binding protein- 4 (RBP4) with glycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients. Iraqi J Pharm Sci 2021; 29: 263–270.
OpenUrl
4.↵
1. Belete R,
2. Ataro Z,
3. Abdu A,
4. Sheleme M.
Global prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with type I diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13: 1–13.
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1. Al-Azzawi OF.
Metabolic syndrome; comparing the results of three definition criteria in an Iraqi sample. AL-Kindy Coll Med J 2018; 14: 7–12.
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1. Nolan PB,
2. Carrick-Ranson G,
3. Stinear JW,
4. Reading SA,
5. Dalleck LC.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome components in young adults: A pooled analysis. Prev Med reports 2017; 7: 211–215.
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7.↵
1. Hirode G,
2. Wong RJ.
Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016. JAMA 2020; 323: 2526–2528.
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8.↵
1. Campo-Arias A,
2. González-Guerrero JL,
3. Peñaloza-Vázquez C,
4. Tatis-González JF.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among university students: A systematic review. Rev la Fac Med 2018; 66: 629–633.
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9.↵
1. Reisinger C,
2. Nkeh-Chungag BN,
3. Fredriksen PM,
4. Goswami N.
The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—A critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance. Int J Obes 2021; 45: 12–24.
OpenUrl PubMed
10.↵
1. Lee DH,
2. Nam JY,
3. Kwon S,
4. Keum N,
5. Lee JT,
6. Shin MJ, et al.
Lifestyle risk score and mortality in Korean adults: a population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 10260.
OpenUrl PubMed
11.↵
1. Mahrous OA,
2. El Shazly HMA,
3. Badr SA,
4. Ibraheem RA,
5. Kasemy ZA,
6. El Sheikh GMM.
Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome in Menoufia University students. Menoufia Med J 2018; 31: 839.
OpenUrl
12.↵
1. Balgoon MJ,
2. Al-Zahrani MH,
3. Alkhattabi NA,
4. Alzahrani NA.
The correlation between obesity and metabolic syndrome in young female university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2019; 13:2399–23402.
OpenUrl
13.↵
1. Olfert MD,
2. Dent A,
3. Wattick RA.
Metabolic syndrome prevalence in students attending West Virginia University. J Clin Med 2018; 7: 487.
OpenUrl
14.↵
1. Ahmed SM,
2. Ismail SA.
Cut-off measurement of waist circumference for the diagnosis of abdominal obesity in a population of Erbil City, Iraq. Invest Clin 2019; 60: 213–220.
OpenUrl
15.↵
1. Saleh AA,
2. Hayawi AH,
3. Al-Samarrai AY,
4. Lafta RK.
Metabolic syndrome among obese adults in Baghdad, Iraq. Saudi J Obes 2017; 5: 8.
OpenUrl
16.↵
1. Alowfi A,
2. Binladen S,
3. Irqsous S,
4. Khashoggi A,
5. Khan MA,
6. Calacattawi R.
Metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and risk factors among adolescent female intermediate and secondary students in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 2142.
OpenUrl
17.↵
1. Martínez-Torres J,
2. Correa-Bautista JE,
3. González-Ruíz K,
4. Vivas A,
5. Triana-Reina HR,
6. Prieto-Benavidez DH, et al.
A Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in colombian collegiate students: the FUPRECOL-adults study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14: 233.
OpenUrl
18.↵
1. Mbugua SM,
2. Kimani ST,
3. Munyoki G.
Metabolic syndrome and its components among university students in Kenya. BMC Public Health 2017; 17: 1–8.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed
19.↵
1. Roos V,
2. Elmståhl S,
3. Ingelsson E,
4. Sundström J,
5. Ärnlöv J,
6. Lind L.
Metabolic syndrome development during aging with special reference to obesity without the metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15: 36–43.
OpenUrl
20.↵
1. Zafar KS,
2. Pious T,
3. Singh PS,
4. Gautam RK,
5. Yadav SK,
6. Singh P, et al.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural population-a cross sectional study from Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Res Med Sci 2017; 5: 2223.
OpenUrl
21.↵
1. Damiri B,
2. Aghbar A,
3. Alkhdour S,
4. Arafat Y.
Characterization and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese young Palestinian students at An-Najah National University. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12: 343–348.
OpenUrl
22.↵
1. Subías-Perié J,
2. Navarrete-Villanueva D,
3. Fernández-García ÁI,
4. Moradell A,
5. Gesteiro E,
6. Pérez-Gómez J, et al.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and association with physical activity and frailty status in Spanish older adults with decreased functional capacity: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients 2022; 14: 2302.
OpenUrl
23.↵
1. Jo H,
2. Kim J-Y,
3. Jung M-Y,
4. Ahn Y-S,
5. Chang S-J,
6. Koh S-B.
Leisure time physical activity to reduce metabolic syndrome risk: a 10-year community-based prospective study in Korea. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61: 218–228.
OpenUrl
24.↵
1. Abraham S,
2. Martinez M,
3. Salas G,
4. Smith J.
College student’s perception of risk factors related to fast food consumption and their eating habits. J Nutr Hum Heal 2018; 2: 18–21.
OpenUrl
25.↵
1. Jiang Y,
2. Wang J,
3. Wu S,
4. Li N,
5. Wang Y,
6. Liu J, et al.
Association between take-out food consumption and obesity among Chinese university students: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16: 1071.
OpenUrl PubMed

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Keywords

[1] 1.↵
Naghipour M,
Joukar F,
Nikbakht H-A,
Hassanipour S,
Asgharnezhad M,
Arab-Zozani M, et al.
High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related demographic factors in North of Iran: results from the Persian Guilan cohort study. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021.

[2] Naghipour M,

[3] Joukar F,

[4] Nikbakht H-A,

[5] Hassanipour S,

[6] Asgharnezhad M,

[7] Arab-Zozani M, et al.

[8] 2.↵
Pai NN,
Meenakshi G.
Metabolic syndrome risk assessment among adults in Udupi District, Karnataka. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal 2020; 8: 142–148.
OpenUrl

[9] Pai NN,

[10] Meenakshi G.

[11] 3.↵
Jabbar TL,
Kasim AA.
Association of retinol binding protein- 4 (RBP4) with glycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients. Iraqi J Pharm Sci 2021; 29: 263–270.
OpenUrl

[12] Jabbar TL,

[13] Kasim AA.

[14] 4.↵
Belete R,
Ataro Z,
Abdu A,
Sheleme M.
Global prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with type I diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13: 1–13.
OpenUrl

[15] Belete R,

[16] Ataro Z,

[17] Abdu A,

[18] Sheleme M.

[19] 5.↵
Al-Azzawi OF.
Metabolic syndrome; comparing the results of three definition criteria in an Iraqi sample. AL-Kindy Coll Med J 2018; 14: 7–12.
OpenUrl

[20] Al-Azzawi OF.

[21] 6.↵
Nolan PB,
Carrick-Ranson G,
Stinear JW,
Reading SA,
Dalleck LC.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome components in young adults: A pooled analysis. Prev Med reports 2017; 7: 211–215.
OpenUrl

[22] Nolan PB,

[23] Carrick-Ranson G,

[24] Stinear JW,

[25] Reading SA,

[26] Dalleck LC.

[27] 7.↵
Hirode G,
Wong RJ.
Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016. JAMA 2020; 323: 2526–2528.
OpenUrl PubMed

[28] Hirode G,

[29] Wong RJ.

[30] 8.↵
Campo-Arias A,
González-Guerrero JL,
Peñaloza-Vázquez C,
Tatis-González JF.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among university students: A systematic review. Rev la Fac Med 2018; 66: 629–633.
OpenUrl

[31] Campo-Arias A,

[32] González-Guerrero JL,

[33] Peñaloza-Vázquez C,

[34] Tatis-González JF.

[35] 9.↵
Reisinger C,
Nkeh-Chungag BN,
Fredriksen PM,
Goswami N.
The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—A critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance. Int J Obes 2021; 45: 12–24.
OpenUrl PubMed

[36] Reisinger C,

[37] Nkeh-Chungag BN,

[38] Fredriksen PM,

[39] Goswami N.

[40] 10.↵
Lee DH,
Nam JY,
Kwon S,
Keum N,
Lee JT,
Shin MJ, et al.
Lifestyle risk score and mortality in Korean adults: a population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 10260.
OpenUrl PubMed

[41] Lee DH,

[42] Nam JY,

[43] Kwon S,

[44] Keum N,

[45] Lee JT,

[46] Shin MJ, et al.

[47] 11.↵
Mahrous OA,
El Shazly HMA,
Badr SA,
Ibraheem RA,
Kasemy ZA,
El Sheikh GMM.
Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome in Menoufia University students. Menoufia Med J 2018; 31: 839.
OpenUrl

[48] Mahrous OA,

[49] El Shazly HMA,

[50] Badr SA,

[51] Ibraheem RA,

[52] Kasemy ZA,

[53] El Sheikh GMM.

[54] 12.↵
Balgoon MJ,
Al-Zahrani MH,
Alkhattabi NA,
Alzahrani NA.
The correlation between obesity and metabolic syndrome in young female university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2019; 13:2399–23402.
OpenUrl

[55] Balgoon MJ,

[56] Al-Zahrani MH,

[57] Alkhattabi NA,

[58] Alzahrani NA.

[59] 13.↵
Olfert MD,
Dent A,
Wattick RA.
Metabolic syndrome prevalence in students attending West Virginia University. J Clin Med 2018; 7: 487.
OpenUrl

[60] Olfert MD,

[61] Dent A,

[62] Wattick RA.

[63] 14.↵
Ahmed SM,
Ismail SA.
Cut-off measurement of waist circumference for the diagnosis of abdominal obesity in a population of Erbil City, Iraq. Invest Clin 2019; 60: 213–220.
OpenUrl

[64] Ahmed SM,

[65] Ismail SA.

[66] 15.↵
Saleh AA,
Hayawi AH,
Al-Samarrai AY,
Lafta RK.
Metabolic syndrome among obese adults in Baghdad, Iraq. Saudi J Obes 2017; 5: 8.
OpenUrl

[67] Saleh AA,

[68] Hayawi AH,

[69] Al-Samarrai AY,

[70] Lafta RK.

[71] 16.↵
Alowfi A,
Binladen S,
Irqsous S,
Khashoggi A,
Khan MA,
Calacattawi R.
Metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and risk factors among adolescent female intermediate and secondary students in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 2142.
OpenUrl

[72] Alowfi A,

[73] Binladen S,

[74] Irqsous S,

[75] Khashoggi A,

[76] Khan MA,

[77] Calacattawi R.

[78] 17.↵
Martínez-Torres J,
Correa-Bautista JE,
González-Ruíz K,
Vivas A,
Triana-Reina HR,
Prieto-Benavidez DH, et al.
A Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in colombian collegiate students: the FUPRECOL-adults study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14: 233.
OpenUrl

[79] Martínez-Torres J,

[80] Correa-Bautista JE,

[81] González-Ruíz K,

[82] Vivas A,

[83] Triana-Reina HR,

[84] Prieto-Benavidez DH, et al.

[85] 18.↵
Mbugua SM,
Kimani ST,
Munyoki G.
Metabolic syndrome and its components among university students in Kenya. BMC Public Health 2017; 17: 1–8.
OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed

[86] Mbugua SM,

[87] Kimani ST,

[88] Munyoki G.

[89] 19.↵
Roos V,
Elmståhl S,
Ingelsson E,
Sundström J,
Ärnlöv J,
Lind L.
Metabolic syndrome development during aging with special reference to obesity without the metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15: 36–43.
OpenUrl

[90] Roos V,

[91] Elmståhl S,

[92] Ingelsson E,

[93] Sundström J,

[94] Ärnlöv J,

[95] Lind L.

[96] 20.↵
Zafar KS,
Pious T,
Singh PS,
Gautam RK,
Yadav SK,
Singh P, et al.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural population-a cross sectional study from Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Res Med Sci 2017; 5: 2223.
OpenUrl

[97] Zafar KS,

[98] Pious T,

[99] Singh PS,

[100] Gautam RK,

[101] Yadav SK,

[102] Singh P, et al.

[103] 21.↵
Damiri B,
Aghbar A,
Alkhdour S,
Arafat Y.
Characterization and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese young Palestinian students at An-Najah National University. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12: 343–348.
OpenUrl

[104] Damiri B,

[105] Aghbar A,

[106] Alkhdour S,

[107] Arafat Y.

[108] 22.↵
Subías-Perié J,
Navarrete-Villanueva D,
Fernández-García ÁI,
Moradell A,
Gesteiro E,
Pérez-Gómez J, et al.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and association with physical activity and frailty status in Spanish older adults with decreased functional capacity: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients 2022; 14: 2302.
OpenUrl

[109] Subías-Perié J,

[110] Navarrete-Villanueva D,

[111] Fernández-García ÁI,

[112] Moradell A,

[113] Gesteiro E,

[114] Pérez-Gómez J, et al.

[115] 23.↵
Jo H,
Kim J-Y,
Jung M-Y,
Ahn Y-S,
Chang S-J,
Koh S-B.
Leisure time physical activity to reduce metabolic syndrome risk: a 10-year community-based prospective study in Korea. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61: 218–228.
OpenUrl

[116] Jo H,

[117] Kim J-Y,

[118] Jung M-Y,

[119] Ahn Y-S,

[120] Chang S-J,

[121] Koh S-B.

[122] 24.↵
Abraham S,
Martinez M,
Salas G,
Smith J.
College student’s perception of risk factors related to fast food consumption and their eating habits. J Nutr Hum Heal 2018; 2: 18–21.
OpenUrl

[123] Abraham S,

[124] Martinez M,

[125] Salas G,

[126] Smith J.

[127] 25.↵
Jiang Y,
Wang J,
Wu S,
Li N,
Wang Y,
Liu J, et al.
Association between take-out food consumption and obesity among Chinese university students: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16: 1071.
OpenUrl PubMed

[128] Jiang Y,

[129] Wang J,

[130] Wu S,

[131] Li N,

[132] Wang Y,

[133] Liu J, et al.

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