Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Distribution of transfusion-transmittable infection (TTI) markers among Saudi geographical regions. A) Map of Saudi Arabia demonstrating the prevalence of TTI-positive markers to total confirmed cases in each geographical area. B) Mosaic plot illustrating the relationship between TTI markers and Saudi geographical regions. The width of the column is proportional to observations in geographical regions plotted on the horizontal axis. The vertical length of the bars is proportional to the number of confirmed TTI markers plotted on the vertical axis. The plot demonstrates Pearson residuals directly (cut-off values ±2 and ±4, significant at α=0.05 and α=0.0001), highlighting which tiles had more (blue) or less (red) observations than expected if the data was random (χ2 =2430.3, p<2.2 x 10-16). NAT: nucleic acid testing, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, HBc: hepatitis B core antibody, HCV: hepatitis C virus anti-body, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, HTLV: human T-cell lymphotropic virus
Tables
- Table 1
- Prevalence (%)* of confirmed transfusion-transmissible infections (TTI) markers stratified by geographical region.
Region HBV NAT Anti-HBc HBsAg HCV NAT Anti-HCV HIV NAT Anti-HIV1/2 Anti-HTLV I/II Syphilis Malaria Total donors Total Confirmed TTI (%) Percentage TTI of regional donation Northern 13 (0.03) 333 (0.9) 109 (0.3) 6 (0.01) 11 (0.02) 3 (0.01) 4 (0.01) 1 (0.003) 22 (0.1) 3 (0.008) 38,814 505 (6.0) 1.3 Central 1,464 (1.9) 934 (1.2) 109 (0.1) 51 (0.1) 209 (0.3) 18 (0.02) 32 (0.04) 79 (0.1) 292 (0.4) 0 76,044 3,188 (37.7) 4.2 Eastern 34 (0.1) 463 (1.1) 34 (0.1) 7 (0.01) 9 (0.02) 1 (0.002) 1 (0.002) 3 (0.01) 10 (0.02) 0 42,697 562 (6.6) 1.3 Western 107 (0.1) 1,064 (0.8) 157 (0.1) 10 (0.01) 36 (0.02) 5 (0.004) 9 (0.01) 2 (0.002) 29 (0.02) 4 (0.003) 126,307 1,413 (16.7) 1.1 Southern 313 (0.3) 1,649 (1.8) 471 (0.5) 31 (0.03) 132 (0.1) 12 (0.01) 25 (0.02) 46 (0.1) 118 (0.1) 1 (0.001) 91,356 2,798 (33.0) 3.1 Total 1,931 4,443 880 105 390 39 71 131 471 8 375,218 8,466 (100) Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). *Percentage of TTI positive donors relative to total donors in the respective regions. HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, HBc: hepatitis B core antibody, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, HCV: hepatitis C virus antibody, HTLV I/II: human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I and -II antibodies, NAT: nucleic acid testing, HBV: hepatitis B virus
- Table 2
- Prevalence (%)* of HBV serology and NAT-positive blood donors among the 13 provinces.
Region HBV NAT Anti-HBc HBsAg Northern region Hail 0.05 2.11 0.05 Jouf 0.00 0.07 0.10 Tabouk 0.00 0.00 0.49 Northern 0.08 0.39 0.44 Alqurayat 0.07 2.48 0.14 Central region Riyadh 2.60 0.64 0.17 Qassim 0.00 2.90 0.07 Eastern region Eastern area 0.08 0.00 0.08 Hafr Albatin 0.09 0.04 0.09 Ahsa 0.08 2.95 0.08 Western region Mekka 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madinah 0.19 0.00 0.25 Alqounfoda 0.17 5.22 0.23 Jeddah 0.00 0.03 0.09 Taif 0.22 3.85 0.19 Southern region Aseer 0.31 4.81 1.19 Jazan 0.37 0.00 0.41 Najran 0.40 0.00 0.00 Albaha 0.34 4.89 0.33 Beesha 0.12 2.95 0.12 *Percentage of HBV-positive donors relative to total donors in the respective provinces. NAT: nucleic acid testing, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, HBc: hepatitis B core antibody
- Table 3
- Prevalence (%)* of HCV serology and NAT-positive blood donors among the 13 provinces.
Region HCV NAT Anti-HCV Northern region Hail 0.03 0.03 Jouf 0.00 0.03 Tabouk 0.05 0.00 Northern 0.01 0.01 Alqurayat 0.00 0.00 Central region Riyadh 0.35 0.06 Qassim 0.06 0.06 Eastern region Eastern area 0.02 0.02 Hafr Albatin 0.02 0.00 Ahsa 0.01 0.01 Western region Mekka 0.00 0.00 Madinah 0.06 0.01 Alqounfoda 0.02 0.02 Jeddah 0.00 0.00 Taif 0.03 0.02 Southern region Aseer 0.25 0.02 Jazan 0.12 0.04 Najran 0.00 0.01 Albaha 0.24 0.03 Beesha 0.05 0.00 *Percentage of HCV-positive donors relative to total donors in the respective provinces. NAT: nucleic acid testing, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, HCV: hepatitis C virus antibody
- Appendix 1
- Prevalence (%)* of screened and confirmed transfusion-transmittable infection (TTI) markers among 375,218 potential blood donors in Saudi Arabia, 2020.
Serological parameter Number of reactive blood donors (%)* Prevalence of confirmed TTI per 100,000 donors Screened Confirmed HBsAg 3,460 (0.92) 880 (0.23) 234.5 Anti-HBc 20,550 (5.47) 4,443 (1.18) 1,184.1 Anti-HCV 1,376 (0.36) 390 (0.10) 103.9 Anti-HIV-1/2 712 (0.19) 68 (0.01) 18.1 Anti-HTLV I/II 644 (0.17) 131 (0.03) 34.9 Syphilis 1,500 (0.40) 471 (0.12) 125.5 Malaria 1,825 (0.48) 8 (0.002) 2.1 Total 30,067 6,391 Molecular testing HBV NAT 2,424 (0.65) 1,931 (0.51) 514.6 HCV NAT 178 (0.04) 105 (0.02) 27.9 HIV NAT 89 (0.02) 39 (0.01) 10.3 Total 2,691 2,075 *Percentage of total donors.
- Appendix 2
- Number of cases (n) and frequencies (%) of ransfusion-transmittable infection markers distributed among donors with confirmed reactivity.
Serological parameter n % HBsAg 880 10.4 Anti-HBc 4,443 52.5 Anti-HCV 390 4.6 Anti-HIV 1/2 68 0.8 Anti-HTLV I/II 131 1.5 Syphilis 471 5.5 Malaria 8 0.09 Molecular testing HBV NAT 1,931 22.8 HCV NAT 105 1.2 HIV NAT 39 0.4 Total 2,075 100 Values are presented as number and percentage (%). HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, HBc: hepatitis B core antibody, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, HCV: hepatitis C virus antibody, HTLV I/II: human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I and -II antibodies, NAT: nucleic acid testing, HBV: hepatitis B virus
- Appendix 3
- Nationwide frequencies of confirmed TTI markers distributed against geographical region expressed as a percentage of the total TTI frequency.
HBV NAT Anti-HBc HBsAg HCV NAT Anti-HCV HIV NAT Anti-HIV 1/2 Anti-HTLV I/II Syphilis Malaria Northern 1 7 12 6 3 8 6 1 5 38 Central 76 21 12 49 54 46 45 60 62 0 Eastern 2 10 4 7 2 3 1 2 2 0 Western 6 24 18 10 9 13 13 2 6 50 Southern 16 37 54 30 34 31 35 35 25 13 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Values are presented as percentage (%). HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, HBc: hepatitis B core antibody, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, HCV: hepatitis C virus antibody, HTLV I/II: human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I and -II antibodies, NAT: nucleic acid testing, BV: hepatitis B virus, TTI: ransfusion-transmittable infection
Regions HIV NAT Anti-HIV 1/2 Anti-HTLV I/II Syphilis Northern region Hail 0.02 0.02 0 0.09 Jouf 0 0 0 0.13 Tabouk 0 0.007 0 0 Northern 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.08 Alqurayat 0 0% 0 0 Central region Riyadh 0.02 0.04 0.13 0.5 Qassim 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 Eastern region Eastern area 0 0 0 0.01 Hafr Albatin 0 0 0.04 0.01 Ahsa 0.006 0.006 0 0.03 Western region Mekka 0 0 0 0 Madinah 0.01 0.009 0.003 0.02 Alqounfoda 0 0 0 0.11 Jeddah 0 0.005 0.002 0 Taif 0.007 0.007 0% 0.06 Southern region Aseer 0.01 0.08 0.18 0.4 Jazan 0.01 0.01 0.002 0.02 Najran 0.01 0 0 0 Albaha 0.01 0.01 0 0.06 Beesha 0 0 0.03 0.05 *Percentage of other TTI-positive donors relative to total donors in respective provinces.
TTI: ransfusion-transmittable infection, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus antibodies,
NAT: nucleic acid testing, HTLV I/II: human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I and -II antibodies
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