Evaluation of the relationship between the disease severity and the level of physical activity in patients followed up with COVID-19 diagnosis

Nevhiz Gündoğdu; Arzu Demirgüç; Ceyda Çiçek; Nevin Ergun

doi:10.15537/smj.2022.43.6.20220005

Article Figures & Data

Tables

View popup

Table 1

- General demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients.

Characteristics	n	%
Gender
Female	58	47.7
Male	53	52.3
Age groups
≤44 years: young adult	45	40.5
45-59 years: middle-aged	42	37.8
60-74 years: old	21	18.9
75-79 years: elderly	3	2.7
Body mass index distribution
18.5-24.9 kg/m²: adequate weight	30	27
25-29.9 kg/m²: overweight	42	37.8
30-34.99 kg/m²: obese	26	23.4
35-39.99 kg/m²: moderate obese	11	9.9
40-49.99 kg/m²: morbid obese	2	1.8
Education status
Illiterate	3	2.7
Primary education	29	26.1
Secondary education	5	4.5
High school	25	22.5
University	49	44.1
Smoking status
Never smoked	88	79.3
Quitted	5	4.5
Smokes	18	16.2
Exercise habit
No	70	63.1
Yes	41	36.9
Hypertension diagnosis
No	87	78.4
Yes	24	21.6
Diabetes diagnosis
No	88	79.3
Yes	23	20.7
Coronary artery disease diagnosis
No	105	94.6
Yes	6	5.4
Clinical classification
Mild	58	52.3
Moderate and severe	53	47.7
Classification based on computed tomography
Normal lung image	37	33.3
Mild lung involvement	37	33.3
Moderate lung involvement	37	33.3

View popup

Table 2

- Correlation analysis results. The relationship between the questionnaire scores used in the evaluation and the patient’s age and body mass index was clarified with the results of the correlation analysis.

Variables	Age (year)	BMI (kg/m²)	IPAQ Total score (MET)	Beck anxiety inventory score	Fatigue severity scale score	PSQI Subjective sleep quality
Age (year)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
BMI (kg/m²)	0.000** 0.374(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
IPAQ total score (MET)	0.003** 0.972(r)	0.398 0.081(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
Beck anxiety inventory score	0.803 -0.024(r)	0.421 -0.077(r)	0.526 -0.054(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
Fatigue severity scale score	0.054 0.184(r)	0.784 -0.026(r)	0.296 -0.164(r)	0.000** 0.445(r)	1	#x00A0;
PSQI subjective sleep quality	0.663 0.042(r)	0.394 -0.082(r)	0.498 -0.065(r)	0.000** 0.476(r)	0.000** 0.347(r)	1
PSQI sleep onset latency	0.686 0.039(r)	0.998 0.000(r)	0.500 -0.065(r)	0.000** 0.396(r)	0.215 0.119(r)	0.000** 0.384(r)
PSQI sleep duration	0.547 -0.058(r)	0.158 0.135(r)	0.731 0.033(r)	0.863 -0.017(r)	0.186 -0.127(r)	0.364 0.087(r)
PSQI sleep efficiency	0.514 0.063(r)	0.512 0.063(r)	0.139 -0.141(r)	0.686 0.039(r)	0.817 -0.022(r)	0.265 0.107(r)
PSQI sleep disturbances	0.428 0.076(r)	0.533 0.060(r)	0.538 -0.059(r)	0.000** 0.487(r)	0.054 0.183(r)	0.001** 0.319(r)
PSQI use of sleeping medication	0.652 -0.043(r)	0.613 -0.049(r)	0.613 0.048(r)	0.025* 0.212(r)	0.495 0.065(r)	0.030* 0.206(r)
PSQI daytime dysfunction	0.259 -0.108(r)	0.312 -0.097(r)	0.160 -0.134(r)	0.000** 0.533(r)	0.055 0.183(r)	0.000** 0.495(r)
PSQI total score	0.835 0.020(r)	0.752 0.030(r)	0.354 -0.184(r)	0.000* 0.215(r)	0.039* 0.193(r)	0.000** 0.620(r)
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). r: correlation efficient, BMI: body mass index, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, MET: metabolic equivalent, BMI: body mass index

View popup

Table 2

Variables	PSQI sleep onset latency	PSQI sleep duration	PSQI sleep efficiency	PSQI sleep disturbances	PSQI Use of sleeping medication	PSQI dDaytime dysfunction	PSQI total score
Age (year)	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
Body mass index (kg/m²)	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
IPAQ total score (MET)	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
Beck anxiety inventory score	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
Fatigue severity scale score	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI subjective sleep quality	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI sleep onset latency	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI Sleep duration	0.383 0.084(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI sleep efficiency	0.383 0.084(r)	0.000** 0.603(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI sleep disturbances	0.000** 0.360(r)	0.713 -0.035(r)	0.594 0.051(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI use of sleeping medication	0.004** 0.274(r)	0.218 0.118(r)	0.419 0.078(r)	0.441 0.074(r)	1	#x00A0;	#x00A0;
PSQI daytime dysfunction	0.000** 0.388(r)	0.345 0.090(r)	0.055 0.183(r)	0.000** 0.414(r)	0.009** 0.249(r)	1	#x00A0;
PSQI total score	0.000** 0.652(r)	*0.000 0.507(r)	0.000** 0.537(r)	0.000** 0.576(r)	0.000** 0.452(r)	0.000** 0.647(r)	1
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). r: correlation efficient, BMI: body mass index, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, MET: metabolic equivalent

View popup

Table 3

- Comparison of age, body mass index, IPAQ total score, fatigue severity scale total score, beck anxiety inventory score, and PSQI scale total score against computed tomography classification.

Computed tomography classification	Mean	SD	P-value
Age (year)
Normal lung (37 patients)	38.35	13.87	0.004**
Mild lung involvement (37 patients)	50.56	12.93
Moderate lung involvement	52.72	13.13
Total: 111 patients
Body mass index (kg/m²)
Normal lung (37 patients)	26.77	5.01	0.040*
Mild lung involvement (37 patients)	26.96	4.72
Moderate lung involvement	29.72	5.57
Total: 111 patients
IPAQ total score (MET)
Normal lung (37 patients)	1016.40	1761.99	0.238
Mild lung involvement (37 patients)	768.36	1708.06
Moderate lung involvement	960.98	1669.64
Total: 111 patients
Fatigue severity scale total score
Normal lung (37 patients)	3.30	1.44	0.786
Mild lung involvement (37 patients)	3.58	1.67
Moderate lung involvement	3.70	1.80
Total: 111 patients
Beck anxiety inventory score
Normal lung (37 patients)	8.94	8.22	0.826
Mild lung involvement (37 patients)	9.45	8.44
Moderate lung involvement	9.32	7.14
Total: 111 patients
PSQI scale total score
Normal lung (37 patients)	3.64	2.27	0.420
Mild lung involvement (37 patients)	4.51	3.32
Moderate lung involvement	4.81	3.57
Total: 111 patients
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). r: correlation efficient, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, MET: metabolic equivalent, SD: standard deviation

View popup

Table 4

- Comparison of age, body mass index, IPAQ total score, fatigue severity scale total score, beck anxiety inventory score, and PSQI scale total score against clinical classification.

Clinical classification	Mean	SD	P-value
Age (year)
Mild (58 patients)	42.81	14.96	<0.01**
Moderate or severe (53 patients)	52.03	12.78	<0.01**
Total: 111 patients
Body mass index (kg/m²)
Mild (58 patients)	27.23	4.75	<0.01**
Moderate or severe (53 patients)	29.86	5.41	<0.01**
Total: 111 patients
IPAQ total score (MET)
Mild (58 patients)	1878.22	246.62	0.993
Moderate or severe (53 patients)	1502.10	206.32	0.993
Total: 111 patients
Fatigue severity scale total score
Mild (58 patients)	3.29	1.57	0.112
Moderate or Severe (53 patients)	3.78	1.68	0.112
Total 111 patients
Beck anxiety inventory score
Mild (58 patients)	8.13	7.66	0.124
Moderate or Severe (53 patients)	10.45	8.03	0.124
Total 111 patients
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). r: correlation efficient, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, MET: metabolic equivalent, SD: standard deviation,