Epicardial adipose tissue thickness and growth differentiation factor 15 in axial spondyloarthritis: A cross-sectional study

Mehmet Okçu; Fatmanur A. Koçak; Senem Şaş; Kenan Güçlü

doi:10.15537/smj.2022.43.9.20220304

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Table 1

- Comparisons of clinical and demographic parameters of axSpA and control group

Characteristics	axSpA, n=44	Control, n=29	P-value
Age (years)	38.65±10.04	41.48±11.72	0.998
Gender, n (%)
Female	13 (61.9%)	8 (38.1%)	0.856
Male	31 (59.6%)	21 (40.4%)	0.856
BMI (kg/m²)	25.79±4.16	25.89±2.89	0.911
GDF-15 (ng/L)	103.11 (48.40-166.56)	86.37 (37.45-157.51)	0.543
WBC (10³/ µL)	8332.27±1468.12	8113.44±1729.96	0.564
ESR (mm/h)	10 (4.0-18.75)	7 (4.0-17.0)	0.568
Hemoglobin(g/dL)	14.30±1.36	14.65±1.36	0.295
CRP (mg/dL)	0.55 (0.14-1.05)	0.33 (0.13-0.77)	0.245
Platelet count(10³/µL)	287479.5422±58592	269975.86±51697.28	0.195
EF (%)	63.45±2.52	63.89±2.71	0.480
EAT thickness (cm)	0.35±0.09	0.26±0.06	<0.001

AxSpA: axial spondyloarthritis, ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, BMI: Body mass index, GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15, CRP: C-reactive protein; EF: ejection fraction, EAT: epicardial adipose tissue; cm: centimeter, WBC: white blood cell

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Table 2

- Relationships of demographic and clinical parameters of patients in the AxSpA group with GDF-15 level and epicardial adipose tissue thickness values (N=44).

Characteristics	GDF-15	EAT thickness
GDF-15	1	0.196
Age (years)	0.318**	0.050
BMI (kg/m²)	-0.056	-0.085
Disease duration (years)	0.345*	0.072
WBC (10³/ µL)	0.103	-0.96
ESR (mm/h)	0.127	0.082
Hemoglobin(g/dL)	0.015	0.039
CRP (mg/dL)	-0.040	0.182
Platelet count(10³/µL)	0.112	0.059
Smoking duration	0.091	-0.126
Chest expansion	-0.101	-0.191
BASDAI	0.131	0.182
BASFI	0.334*	0.084
BASMI	0.135	0.004
ASQoL	0.155	-0.073
EF (%)	0.153	-0.026
EAT thickness	0.196	1

AxSpA: axial spondyloarthritis; BMI: body mass index, ASQoL: Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire, GDF-15: growth differentiation factor 15, BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, WBC: white blood cell, BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, EF: ejection fraction, EAT: epicardial adipose tissue, BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: c-reactive protein

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Table 3

- Effects of different groups on growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), EF, and thickness of EAT.

Groups	GDF-15	EF	EAT thickness (cm)
BD group (n=22)	103.11 (65.29-167.86)	63.86±2.64	0.36±0.10
Non-BD group (n=22)	95.42 (43.26-164.85)	63.04±2.39	0.35±0.09
Control (n=29)	86.37 (37.45-157.51)	63.89±2.71	0.26.06
P	0.543	0.480	<0.001
P^{(BD-non BD)}	0.467	0.288	0.972
P^(BD-C)	0.382	0.966	<0.001
P^{(Non BD -C)}	0.879	0.250	<0.001

BD: biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, C: controC: control, EF: ejection fraction, EAT: epicardial adipose tissue, cm: centimeter, P: p-value

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Table 4

- Relations of gender, smoking status and number of enthesitis with growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and EAT thickness of patients in the AxSpA group.

Factors	GDF-15	P-value	EAT thickness	P-value
Gender
Male (n=31)	99.18 (48.40-160.52)	0.951	0.33 (0.24-0.39)	0.207
Female (n=13)	115.16 (37.79-192.40)	0.951	0.26 (0.22-0.36)	0.207
Smoking
Smoker (n=25)	85.18 (46.11-168.50)	0.558	0.36 (0.30-0.42)	0.577
Non-smoker (n=19)	115.16 (59.61-159.95)	0.558	0.34 (0.23-0.43)	0.577
Number of enthesitis
0 (n=33)	115.16 (57.41-165.49)	0.663	0.35 (0.24-0.43)	0.801
1 (n=4)	94.84 (62.72-160.54)		0.37 (0.33-0.45)
2 (n=7)	46.13 (36.35-235.14)		0.36 (0.33-0.42)
Disease activity
Patients with HDA (BASDAI≥4) (n=25)	141.52±114.31	0.241	0.37±0.07	0.184
Patients without HDA (BASDAI<4) (n=19)	95.06±54.36	0.241	0.34±0.12	0.184