Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Survival time for diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Tables
Variables n (%) Gender Male 139 (70.2) Female 59 (29.8) Health care worker Yes 19 (9.4) No 179 (90.6) Age, mean±SD 54±14.89 17-35 years 22 (11.1) 36-50 years 51 (25.8) >50 years 125 (63.1) DM Yes 86 (43.4) No 112 (56.6) Active smokers 9 (4.5) Body mass index, mean±SD 31.38±30.14 Normal 74 (37.8) Underweight 1 (0.5) Overweight 75 (37.9) Obese 48 (24.2) Co-morbidities present prior to admission Hypertension 95 (48.0) Ischemic heart disease 35 (17.7) Chronic kidney disease 19 (9.6) Asthma 10 (5.1) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3 (1.5) Chronic liver disease 3 (1.5) Chronic Lung disease 2 (1.0) HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean±SD 8.65±3.19 Oxygen therapy (on hospital arrival) Required 96 (48.5) Not required 102 (51.5) Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%). SD: standard deviation, DM: diabetes mellitus, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1C
- Table 2
- Demographic and clinical profile of diabetic and non-diabetic patients at the time of admission.
Variables Diabetic (n=86) Non-diabetic (n=112) P-values Age in years, mean±SD 60.89±12.00 49.43±15.03 <0.001 Male 60 (69.7) 79 (70.5) 0.907 Active smoker 3 (3.5) 6 (5.3) 0.531 Fever 66 (76.8) 86 (76.8) 0.995 Cough 58 (67.4) 74 (66.1) 0.839 Dyspnea 62 (72.1) 64 (58.9) 0.030 Headache 6 (7.2) 13 (11.6) 0.273 Altered consciousness 8 (9.3) 6 (5.3) 0.283 Hypertension 69 (83.1) 26 (23.2) <0.001 Ischemic heart disease 28 (32.6) 7 (6.3) <0.001 Chronic kidney disease 17 (19.8) 2 (1.8) <0.001 Length of hospital stay 13 (10.0) 11 (9.0) 0.027 Mean arterial pressure, mean±SD 80.51±20.01 92.71±15.76 0.001 Systolic blood pressure, mean±SD 139.58±23.98 132.31±21.48 0.059 Diastolic blood pressure, mean±SD 74.68±12.88 79.25±13.11 0.040 Heart rate, mean±SD 92.64±21.06 90.85±16.62 0.535 Respiratory rate, mean±SD 25.31±7.39 21.967±4.7 <0.001 Oxygen saturation, mean±SD 90.23±13.16 93.8±10.20 0.041 PCO2, mean±SD 36.42±13.75 40.27±18.0 0.325 HbA1C, mean±SD 9.64±3.32 6.56±1.89 <0.001 Hemoglobin, mean±SD 12.21±237 12.96±2.65 0.056 Ph value, mean±SD 7.31±0.13 7.37±0.10 0.047 Values are presented as numbers and precentages (%). SD: standard deviation, PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, HbA1C: hemoglobin A1c, pH: potential of hydrogen
- Table 3
- Laboratory parameters on hospital arrival among diabetic and non-diabetic group.
Laboratory parameters Diabetic Non-diabetic P-values WBC (X109/L) 8.05 (5.7) 6.26 (3.87) 0.006 Neutrophils (X109/L) 6.49 (5.18) 4.09 (3.85) <0.001 Lymphocytes (X109/L) 1.46 (.74) 1.17 (0.93) 0.154 Platelet count (X109/L) 252 (176.25) 216.5 (128) 0.045 CRP (mg/L) 100.85 (0) 56.3 (31.05) 0.004 AST (U/L) 51 (0) 37.5 (39.5) 0.479 (g/L) 170 (0) 77.88 (42.5) <0.001 LDH (U/L) 561 (0) 295 (340.8) 0.691 Bilirubin 15.5 (0) 7.5 (6.0) 0.425 Lactate 1.3 (0) 1.15 (0.61) 0.429 Procalcitonin 0.49 (0) 0.06 (0.25) <0.001 Creatinine-kinase 965 (0) 76.5 (58.5) 0.212 D-dimer 1.39 (0) 1.79 (2.98) 0.008 Ferritin 5320.16 (0) 237.7 (1326.3) 0.052 Troponin 0.34 (0) 0.015 (0.016) 0.009 Values are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). WBC: white blood count, CRP: C-reactive protein, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase
Risk factors Unadjusted analysis Adjusted analysis OR (95% CI) P-values OR (95% CI) P-values Age 0.941 (0.919-0.964) <0.001 0.936 (0.887-0.988) 0.017 Hypertension 0.074 (0.037-0.148) <0.001 0.255 (0.055-1.171) 0.079 Shortness of breath 0.516 (0.283-0.942) 0.031 0.964 (0.172-5.410) 0.967 Ischemic heart disease 0.138 (0.057-0.336) <0.001 0.237 (0.023-2.427) 0.225 Chronic kidney disease 0.074 (0.017-0.329) <0.001 0.000 0.999 C-reactive protein 0.993 (0.988-0.998) 0.006 0.998 (0.985-1.010) 0.694 Procalcitonin 0.369 (0.205-0.665) 0.011 0.539 (0.204-1.424) 0.213 OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval
Parameters Total Outcomes Death percentages P-values Alive Death Age group (years) 17-35 22 20 2 9.1% 0.006 36-50 51 35 16 31.4% ≥51 125 71 54 43.2% Diabetes 86 46 40 46.5% 0.009 Hypertension 95 50 45 47.4% 0.002 Ischemic heart disease 35 17 18 51.4% 0.041 COPD 3 2 1 33.3% 0.912 CKD 19 9 10 52.6% 0.121 COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD: chronic kidney disease
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