Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

The effect of poor glycemic control on cognitive function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

A single-center cross-sectional study (2019–2020)

Safiah M. Al-Shehaili, Seham S. Al-Johani, Nora T. Al-Sarhan, Aisha A. Al-Anazi, Faten F. Al-Mijmaj, Wadha N. Al-Qhatani, Lama M. Al-Nasser, Dania R. Al-Yami and Amal S. Al-Razooq
Saudi Medical Journal October 2023, 44 (10) 1006-1012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2023.44.20230327

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  • Table 1

    - Demographics and clinical characteristics (N=50).

    Characteristicsn (%)
    Gender
    Male:female ratio25:25
    Age at interview
    Mean (years) - range10.94 - 6 to 14 years
    Age at diagnosis
    Mean (years) - range5.78 - 9 months to 12 years
    Onset of disease
    Late onset35 (70.0)
    HbA1c at diagnosis
    Mean (SD)10.6 (1.9)
    HbA1c mean during study period
    Mean (SD)9.5 (1.6)
    Type of insulin
    Insulin pen47 (94.0)

    • Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%) unless otherwise stated. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, SD: standard deviation

  • Table 2

    - Cohort performance in IQ assessment classified into low and normal IQ (N=50).

    IQ classesLow IQNormal IQ
    Full scale6 (12)44 (88)
    Verbal
    Fluid reasoning3 (6)47 (94)
    Knowledge6 (12)44 (88)
    Quantitative reasoning5 (10)45 (90)
    Visual spatial19 (38)31 (62)
    Working memory12 (24)38 (76)
    Non-verbal
    Fluid reasoning6 (12)44 (88)
    Knowledge12 (24)38 (76)
    Quantitative reasoning3 (6)47 (94)
    Visual spatial9 (18)41 (82)
    Working memory8 (16)42 (84)

    • Values are presented as numbers and percentages (%). IQ: intelligence quotient

  • Table 3

    - Linear regression of participants with early onset of disease who scored Borderline and less in IQ assessment (n=15).

    IQ classesn (p-value)Confidence interval 95%
    Full scale1 (0.458)(-0.255,0.558)
    Verbal
    Fluid reasoning1 (0.251)(-0.233,0.871)
    Knowledge3 (0.264)(-0.631,0.177)
    Quantitative reasoning2 (0.616)(-0.553,0.331)
    Visual spatial5 (0.664)(-0.214,0.333)
    Working memory2 (0.257)(-0.132,0.483)
    Non-verbal
    Fluid reasoning0 (0.091)(-0.056,0.738)
    Knowledge3 (0.672)(-0.245,0.377)
    Quantitative reasoning1 (0.899)(-0.595,0.524)
    Visual spatial1 (0.179)(-0.109,0.570)
    Working memory2 (0.743)(-0.303,0.422)

    • Value is presented as numbers. IQ: intelligence quotient

  • Table 4

    - Univariate linear regression of participants with chronic hyperglycemia and their IQ performance (N=50).

    IQ classesHbA1c in Low IQ group % (SD)HbA1c in Normal IQ group % (SD)P-value (CI 95%)
    Full scale10.43% (2.60%)9.40% (1.41%)0.140 (-0.349%, 2.415%)
    Verbal
    Fluid reasoning12.50% (2.13%)9.35% (1.41%)0.002 (1.149%, 4.638%)
    Knowledge9.99% (1.16%)9.46% (1.65%)0.456 (-0.881%, 1.932%)
    Quantitative reasoning11.38% (2.09%)9.32% (1.42%)0.005 (0.652%, 3.474%)
    Visual spatial9.91% (2.04%)9.29% (1.23%)0.191 (-0.316%, 1.544%)
    Working memory10.45% (2.38%)9.23% (1.15%)0.020 (0.199%, 2.233%)
    Non-verbal
    Fluid reasoning9.95% (2.86%)9.47 (1.39%)0.493 (-0.924%, 1.891%)
    Knowledge10.15% (2.39%)9.33% (1.23%)0.124 (-0.232%, 1.868%)
    Quantitative reasoning9.31% (1.98%)9.54% (1.59%)0.809 (-2.168%, 1.701%)
    Visual spatial9.96% (2.24%)9.43% (1.44%)0.373 (-0.656%, 1.717%)
    Working memory9.40% (1.34%)9.55% (1.65%)0.811 (-1.402%, 1.103%)

    • CI: confidence interval, IQ: intelligence quotient, SD: standard deviation, Mean HbA1c presented in percentage and SD.

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