Risk factors and characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Jordan

Rashed O. Alqaisi; Waqar A. Al-Kubaisy; Shahed N. Abughanam; Areen Z. Alfalayleh; Mohamad-Said H. Almasri

doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.20230209

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Table 1

- Sociodemographic and clinical presentation of 657 recovered COVID-19 patients in Jordan 2020–2021.

Characteristics	n (%)	Hospitalized n (%)	χ²	P-value	OR	CI 95%
Male	213 (33.4)	9 (4.2)	1.49	0.222	1.7	0.7–4
Female	444 (67.6)	11 (2.5)	1.49	0.222	1.7	0.7–4
Body mass index
<25	295 (44.9)	3 (1.2)	7.7577	0.005	5	0.05–0.6
≥25	330 (50)	16 (4.8)
Smoking
Yes	118 (18)	2 (1.7)				0.1–2.1
No	539 (82)	18 (3.3)	0.887	0.346	0.49	0.1–2.1
Neuropsychological
Yes	510 (78)	17 (3.3)	0.64	0.422	0.6	0.17-2
No	147 (22)	3 (2)	0.64	0.422	0.6	0.17-2
*Age*
<45	553 (84.1)	8 (1.4)	30.2	0.00	8.8	3.5-22.3
≥45	104 (15.9)	12 (11.5)
Pregnant females
Yes	23 (5.2)	1 (4.3)	0.58	0.55	1.8	0.2-15.25
No	421 (94.8)	19 (4.5)	0.58	0.55	1.8	0.2-15.25
Influenza vaccine
Yes	53 (7.8)	3 (5.6)	1.2	0.26	2.0	0.5-7
No	604 (92.2)	17 (2.8)	1.2	0.26	2.0	0.5-7

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval

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Table 2

- Relationship of the presence of comorbidities to hospital admission among COVID-19 patients.

Comobidies	n (%)	Hospital admission n (%)	X²	P-value	OR	CI 95%
Diabetes Mellitus
Yes	29 (4.4)	6 (20.6)	31.94	0.00	11.422	4.0-32
No	628 (95.6)	14 (2.2)	31.94	0.00	11.422	4.0-32
Hypertension
Yes	42 (6.3)	6 (14.2)	19.6	0.00	7.143	2.5-19.6
No	615 (93.7)	14 (2.2)	19.6	0.00	7.143	2.5-19.6
Heart disease
Yes	13 (2)	2 (15.4)	6.82	0.009	6.313	1.3-30.5
No	644 (98)	18 (2.7)	6.82	0.009	6.313	1.3-30.5
ACEI or ARB
Yes	24 (3.6)	5 (20.8)	26.7	0.00	10.8	3.5-32
No	633 (96.4)	15 (2.3)	26.7	0.00	10.8	3.5-32

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin-receptor blockers

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Table 3

- Symptoms of hospitalized and nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Symptoms	n (%)	Hospital admissions n (%)	X²	P-value	OR	CI 95%
Shortness of breath
Yes	220 (33.0)	14 (6.3)	12.34	0.0	4.882	1.8-12.8
No	437 (67.0)	6 (1.3)	12.34	0.0	4.882	1.8-12.8
Blurred vision
Yes	61 (9.2)	5 (8.1)	6	0.014	3.45	1.21-9.8
No	596 (90.8)	15 (2.5)	6	0.014	3.45	1.21-9.8
Fever
Yes	284 (43.2)	16 (5.6)	11.3	0.001	5.5	1.8-16.6
No	373 (56.8)	4 (1.0)	11.3	0.001	5.5	1.8-16.6
Cough
Yes	263 (40.0)	13 (4.9)	5.3	0.021	2.87	1.1-7.3
No	394 (60.0)	7 (1.7)	5.3	0.021	2.87	1.1-7.3
Difficulty in speaking or moving
Yes	82 (12.4)	8 (9.7)	13.4	0.00	5.07	2-12
No	575 (87.6)	12 (2.0)	13.4	0.00	5.07	2-12
Diarrhea
Yes	189 (28.7)	10 (5.2)	4.5	0.033	2.559	1.04-6.2
No	468 (71.3)	10 (2.1)	4.5	0.033	2.559	1.04-6.2
Nausea
Yes	170 (25.9)	7 (4.1)	0.89	0.34	1.5	0.6-3.9
No	487 (74.1)	13 (2.7)	0.89	0.34	1.5	0.6-3.9
Disturbance in taste and smell
Yes	412 (62.7)	12 (2.9)	0.06	0.79	0.8	0.3–2.2
No	245 (37.3)	8 (3.2)	0.06	0.79	0.8	0.3–2.2
Disturbance in memory
Yes	68 (10.4)	5 (7.3)	4.7	0.02	3.0	1.06–8.6
No	589 (89.7)	15 (2.5)	4.7	0.02	3.0	1.06–8.6
Throat pain
Yes	263 (40.0)	9 (3.4)	0.02	0.6	1.2	0.5–3.0
No	394 (60.0)	11 (2.7)	0.02	0.6	1.2	0.5–3.0
General exhaustion
Yes	366 (55.7)	17 (4.6)	7.1	0.007	4.6	1.3–16
No	291 (44.3)	3 (1.0)	7.1	0.007	4.6	1.3–16
Sneeze
Yes	152 (23.1)	3 (1.97)	0.7	0.3	0.5	0.16–1.9
No	505 (76.9)	17 (3.3)	0.7	0.3	0.5	0.16–1.9
Joint pain
Yes	317 (48.2)	13 (4.1)	2.3	0.12	2.0	0.8-5.1
No	340 (51.8)	7 (2.0)	2.3	0.12	2.0	0.8-5.1
Headache
Yes	366 (55.7)	14 (3.8)	1.7	0.19	1.8	0.7-4.9
No	291 (44.3)	6 (2.0)	1.7	0.19	1.8	0.7-4.9
Sweating
Yes	133 (20.2)	4 (3.0)	0.001	0.97	0.9	0.3-2.9
No	524 (79.8)	16 (3.0)	0.001	0.97	0.9	0.3-2.9
Redness in eye
Yes	77 (11.7)	4 (5.9)	1.3	0.24	1.9	0.6-5.9
No	580 (88.3)	16 (2.7)	1.3	0.24	1.9	0.6-5.9
Chills
Yes	213 (32.4)	9 (4.2)	1.4	0.22	1.7	0.7-4.2
No	444 (67.6)	11 (2.4)	1.4	0.22	1.7	0.7-4.2
Runny nose
Yes	142 (21.6)	2 (1.4)	1.6	0.2	0.39	0.09-1.7
No	515 (78.4)	18 (3.4)	1.6	0.2	0.39	0.09-1.7
Back pain
Yes	176 (26.7)	6 (3.4)	0.1	0.7	1.1	0.44-3.11
No	481 (73.3)	14 (2.9)	0.1	0.7	1.1	0.44-3.11