Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- Prisma flow chart summarizes the search’ screening and selection of the reviewed hypertensive articles.
- Figure 2
- Forest plot for studies showing the prevalence of hypertension and pooled prevalence.
- Figure 3
- Forest plot for studies shows the proportion of subjects who had awareness of hypertension and pooled proportion.
- Figure 4
- Forest plot for studies shows the proportion of subjects who had treatment for hypertension and pooled proportion.
- Figure 5
- Forest plot for studies shows the proportion of subjects control hypertension and pooled proportion.
- Figure 6
- Risk factors of hypertension.
Tables
- Table 1
- The general characteristics, the estimated prevalence of pre-HTN, HTN, awareness, treatment and control rates of HTN in the included studies.
sn Author, year Data collection year Sample size Male-female ratio Mean±SD National community studies 1 Osman & Al Nozha,31 2000 1989-1994 6253 42.7%-57.4% 18+ 2 Al-Nozha et al,32 2007 1995-2000 17230 47.7%-52.3% 30-70 3 Saeed et al,33 2011 2005 4758 49.2%-50.8% 15–64 4 Khoja et al,34 2018 2006-2007 2946 50.4%-49.6% 60+ (70.1±0.3) 5 El Bcheraoui et al,35 2014 2013 10735 48.9%-51.1% 15+ 6 Al-Daghri et al,36 2011 2011 6630 45.1%-54.9% 18-80 Regional community studies 7 Abolfotouh et al,37 1996 NR 1739 50.8%-49.2% 30+ 8 Al-Baghli et al,38 2009 2004 197681 NR 30+ 9 Elkhalifa et al,39 2011 2008 243 46.1%-53.9% 30+ 10 Alsuwaida & Alghonaim,40 2011 2008 814 49.1%-50.9% (18+) 35.8±11.5 11 Gutierrez et al,41 2018 2016 432 54.4%-45.6% 18+ 12 Saquib et al,42 2017 2015-2016 400 all male 55+ (63±7.5) 13 Mirza A,43 2016 2012 770 relatives of medical students 63.6%-36.4% ≥30 14 Ahmed H,44 2014 2012-2013 2800 43.8%-56.2% 14 to 100 (Mean 45) 15 Alkahtani SA,45 2016 2014 915 all male employees 20–64 16 Alyabsi M,46 2020 2017-2020 10 799 66.3%-33.7% 18+ (33.27±10.73) 17 Al-Mohaissen M,47 2020 2016 518 all female college students 17–29 (20.5±1.8) 18 Alanazi AM,48 2018 2017 232 medical students 58.6%-41.4% NR 19 Baig M,49 2015 2014 610 male students Mean 22.40±3.90 20 Madkhali A,50 2022 2018-2019 423 secondary schools students 48.7%-51.3% 15–19 (17.1±0.9) 21 Rehmani R,51 2013 2010 1339 57.4%-42.6% 14+ (30.7±12.7) Primary health care studies for awareness and control 22 Elzubier & Al-Shahri,52 1997 1996 311 35.7%-64.3% 53.2±0.65 23 Al-Tuwijri & Al-Rukban,53 2006 2001 255 47.5%-52.5% 57.2±11.1 24 Al-Rukban et al,54 2007 2004 201 21.4%-78.6% 58.3+12.5 25 Safar et al,55 2014 2010 15,942 45.0%-55.0% 63±10 26 AlQuaiz et al,56 2021 2015-2016 2997 32.3%-67.7% 30–75 (43.1±11.7) 27 Kalantan et al,57 2001 NR 1114 40.0%-60.0% 35–85 (47.7±10.7) 28 Al-Qahtani,58 2018 NR 382 51.8%-48.2% 18+ (62.71±14.16) Hospital affiliated outpatients 29 Ahmed & El-Awad,59 2001 1994-1996 203 53.0%-47.0% 18–75 (46.9±12.6) Total 278873 HTN: hypertension, SD: standard deviation, NR: not reported, sn: study number
- Table 1
- The general characteristics, the estimated prevalence of pre-HTN, HTN, awareness, treatment and control rates of HTN in the included studies (continuation).
sn Author, year Region HTN% (95%CI) Awareness % (95%CI) Treatment % (95%CI) Control % (95%CI) QA National community studies 1 Osman & Al Nozha,31 2000 Nat 25.9 NR NR NR 7 2 Al-Nozha et al,32 2007 Nat 26.1 (25.4-26.8) 33.1% 75% 25% 9 3 Saeed et al,33 2011 Nat 25.5 (24.3-26.8) 44.7 (41.9-47.5) 71.8 37 9 4 Khoja et al,34 2018 Nat 29.7 8 5 El Bcheraoui et al,35 2014 Nat 15.2 (14.5-15.9) PreHTN 40.6 (39.7-41.5) 42.2 36.8 16.6 8 6 Al-Daghri et al,36 2011 Nat 32.6 (31.7-33.6) 8 Regional community studies 7 Abolfotouh et al,37 1996 Asir/Abha 21.6% 23.5 76 20.2 7 8 Al-Baghli et al,38 2009 Eastern province 13 (12.9-13.2) NR NR 34.3 (33.7-34.9) 7 9 Elkhalifa et al,39 2011 Jeddah 22.6 (17.5-28.4) NR NR NR 6 10 Alsuwaida & Alghonaim,40 2011 Riyadh 27.6 61.4 70.2 40.8 9 11 Gutierrez et al,41 2018 Tabuk 11.1 preHTN 18.5 6 12 Saquib et al,42 2017 Qassim 71.3 6 6 13 Mirza A,43 2016 Makkah 31.9% (27.6–36.2) 53.9% 38.1% 6 14 Ahmed H,44 2014 13 towns in Hail 33.40% 7 15 Alkahtani SA,45 2016 Private sector Dammam and Al-Khobar 34% (44.6% prehypertensive) 6 16 Alyabsi M,46 2020 The Saudi Biobank 14.5% (14.37 - 14.61) 24.8% (24.69 - 24.98) Not controlled 27.8% (24.31- 31.59) 8 17 Al-Mohaissen M,47 2020 Princess Nourah University, Riyadh 27.1% 7 18 Alanazi AM,48 2018 Northern Border University, Arar 13.8% 6 19 Baig M,49 2015 King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh and Jeddah 7.5% 6 20 Madkhali A,50 2022 Samtah city, Jazan 4.2% prehypertensin 5% 6 21 Rehmani R,51 2013 Al-Hasa and Dammam 9% 7 Primary health care studies for awareness and control 22 Elzubier & Al-Shahri,52 1997 East 37.2 7 23 Al-Tuwijri & Al-Rukban,53 2006 Riyadh ALL 40.4 7 24 Al-Rukban et al,54 2007 Riyadh ALL 25.4 7 25 Safar et al,55 2014 Aseer 40% 6 26 AlQuaiz et al,56 2021 Riyadh 18.1 9.6 8 27 Kalantan et al,57 2001 Qassim 30 22.8 7 28 Al-Qahtani,58 2018 Najran ALL 51.3% 7 Hospital affiliated outpatients 29 Ahmed & El-Awad,59 2001 Abha 48.8 6 HTN: hypertension, NR: not reported, ALL: all participants, SN: study number QA: quality assessment
- Table 2
- Meta-analysis for pooled prevalence of hypertension across the published studies.
Author name and year Sample size Proportion (%) 95%CI Weight (%) Fixed Random Osman & Al Nozha, 2000 6253 25.908 24.825 to 27.013 2.27 4.09 Al-Nozha et al, 2007 17230 26.100 25.445 to 26.762 6.26 4.10 Saeed et al, 2011 4758 25.494 24.260 to 26.758 1.73 4.09 Khoja et al, 2018 2946 29.701 28.055 to 31.388 1.07 4.08 El Bcheraoui et al, 2014 10735 15.203 14.528 to 15.896 3.90 4.10 Al-Daghri et al, 2011 6630 32.594 31.466 to 33.738 2.41 4.09 Abolfotouh et al, 1996 1739 21.622 19.707 to 23.632 0.64 4.40 Al-Baghli et al, 2009 197681 13.000 12.852 to 13.149 71.82 4.11 Elkhalifa et al, 2011 243 22.634 17.530 to 28.419 0.089 3.79 Alsuwaida & Alghonaim, 2011 814 27.641 24.593 to 30.852 0.30 4.01 Gutierrez et al, 2018 432 11.111 8.307 to 14.461 0.16 3.92 Saquib et al, 2017 400 71.250 66.544 to 75.639 0.15 3.91 Mirza A, 2016 770 31.948 28.664 to 35.371 0.28 4.00 Ahmed H, 2014 2800 33.393 31.646 to 35.174 1.02 4.08 Alkahtani SA, 2016 915 33.989 30.921 to 37.161 0.33 4.02 Alyabsi M, 2020 10799 14.492 13.833 to 15.170 3.92 4.10 Al-Mohaissen M, 2020 518 27.027 23.247 to 31.072 0.19 3.95 Alanazi AM, 2018 232 13.793 9.630 to 18.910 0.085 3.77 Baig M, 2015 610 7.541 5.574 to 9.931 0.22 3.97 Madkhali A, 2022 423 4.255 2.541 to 6.642 0.15 3.92 Rehmani R, 2013 1339 8.962 7.486 to 10.621 0.49 4.05 AlQuaiz et al, 2021 2997 18.085 16.722 to 19.510 1.09 4.08 Kalantan et al, 2001 1114 29.982 27.302 to 32.768 0.41 4.03 Total (fixed effects) 272378 15.438 15.302 to 15.574 100.00 100.00 Total (random effects) 272378 22.658 18.946 to 26.598 100.00 100.00 - Table 3
- Meta-analysis for pooled proportion of subjects who had awareness about hypertension across the published studies.
Author and year Sample size Awareness proportion (%) 95%CI Weight (%) Fixed Random Al-Nozha et al, 2007 17230 33.099 32.397 to 33.808 45.01 16.87 Saeed et al, 2011 4758 44.704 43.284 to 46.130 12.43 16.80 El Bcheraoui et al, 2014 10735 42.198 41.262 to 43.139 28.04 16.86 Abolfotouh et al, 1996 1739 23.507 21.543 to 25.585 4.83 16.66 Alsuwaida & Alghonaim, 2011 814 61.425 57.983 to 64.784 2.13 16.36 Mirza A, 2016 770 53.896 50.301 to 57.461 2.01 16.33 Total (fixed effects) 38276 36.965 36.482 to 37.451 100.00 100.00 Total (random effects) 38276 42.739 35.179 to 50.475 100.00 100.00 - Table 4
- Meta-analysis of for pooled proportion of cases who had treatment for hypertension among hypertensive subjects across the published studies.
Author and year Sample size Treatment proportion (%) 95% CI Weight (%) Fixed Random Al-Nozha et al, 2007 17230 75.003 74.349 to 75.648 35.67 16.68 Saeed et al, 2011 4758 71.795 70.493 to 73.070 9.85 16.67 El Bcheraoui et al, 2014 10735 36.796 35.882 to 37.716 22.22 16.68 Abolfotouh et al, 1996 1739 76.021 73.942 to 78.011 3.78 16.66 Alsuwaida & Alghonaim, 2011 814 70.147 66.873 to 73.275 1.69 16.61 Alyabsi M, 2020 10799 24.836 24.023 to 25.662 22.36 16.68 Total (fixed effects) 46075 54.220 53.764 to 54.675 100.00 100.00 Total (random effects) 46075 59.440 38.140 to 79.025 100.00 100.00 CI: confidence interval
- Table 5
- Meta-analysis for the pooled proportion of hypertension control cases among hypertensive subjects across the published studies.
Study Sample size Control cases Proportion (%) 95% CI Weight (%) Fixed Random Al-Nozha et al, 2007 17230 24.962 24.317 to 25.616 6.45 6.36 Saeed et al, 2011 4758 36.990 35.616 to 38.380 1.78 6.35 El Bcheraoui et al, 2014 10735 16.600 15.901 to 17.317 4.02 6.35 Abolfotouh et al, 1996 1739 18.821 16.992 to 20.721 0.66 6.73 Al-Baghli et al, 2009 197681 34.300 34.091 to 34.510 73.96 6.36 Alsuwaida & Alghonaim, 2011 814 40.786 37.387 to 44.252 0.30 6.28 Mirza A, 2016 770 38.052 34.609 to 41.587 0.29 6.28 Alyabsi M, 2020 10799 72.822 71.972 to 73.659 4.04 6.35 Elzubier and Al-Shahri, 1997 311 37.299 31.907 to 42.935 0.12 6.15 Al-Tuwijri & Al-Rukban, 2006 255 40.392 34.317 to 46.694 0.096 6.11 Al-Rukban et al, 2007 201 25.373 19.513 to 31.975 0.076 6.05 Safar et al, 2014 15942 40.001 39.240 to 40.767 5.96 6.36 AlQuaiz et al, 2021 2997 9.610 8.578 to 10.721 1.12 6.34 AlQahtani, 2018 382 51.309 46.172 to 56.425 0.14 6.19 Ahmed & El-Awad, 2001 203 48.768 41.709 to 55.865 0.076 6.05 Total (fixed effects) 264817 34.419 34.238 to 34.600 100.00 100.00 Total (random effects) 264817 34.967 27.625 to 42.685 100.00 100.00 CI: confidence interval
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