Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
- The consolidated standard of reporting trial flow diagram of this study.
- Figure 2
- Postoperative pain score at rest and during coughing for 48 hours (h). Values are expressed as median with the first quartile (Q1) and third quartile (Q3). Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA) after aligned rank transformation was performed to analyze the interaction between time and group. The Mann–Whitney U (MWU) test with false discovery rate (FDR) correction was used to compare the 2 groups at each measuring point. Group E; continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) group, Group ES; continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block group, NRS; numerical rating scale. *p<0.05
- Figure 3
- Non-inferiority test of postoperative pain score at rest and during coughing for 48 hour. Values are expressed as mean difference (95% confidence interval [95% CI]). Non-inferiority was determined when the upper boundary of the 95% CI was <1. Group E; continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) group, Group ES; continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block group, NRS; numerical rating scale.
Tables
Demographics Group E (n= 27) Group ES (n=27) P-value Gender (M/F) 13 / 14 15 / 12 0.785b ASA (I/II) 2 / 25 0 / 27 0.471b Age, years 64.3 ± 10.3 66.5 ± 7.0 0.367 Height, cm 161.8 ± 9.9 161.7 ± 7.8 0.988 Weight, kg 64.5 ± 10.6 61.7 ± 8.6 0.288 BMI, kg/m2 24.6 ± 2.7 23.6 ± 2.6 0.177 Surgical characteristics Anesthesia time, min 208.3 ± 54.8 211.9 ± 63.9 0.829 Operation time, min 15261 ± 47.0 162.2 ± 59.5 0.512 Propofol infusion, mg 1415.0 (1185.0, 1661.0) 1394.0 (1294.0, 1651.0) 0.716a Remifentanil, µg 726.8 (585.0, 1134.0) 901.0 (642.0, 1095.0) 0.341a Rocuronium, mg 70.0 (60.0, 90.0) 75.0 (65.0, 90.0) 0.690a Surgeon (A/B) 17 / 10 20 / 7 0.558b Type of operation 0.706b Lobectomy 19 18 Segmentectomy 2 1 Wedge resection 4 7 Lobectomy + part of other lobes 2 1 Normally distributed data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using an independent t-test. Nonparametric data were presented as the median and interquartile range (Q1, Q3) analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test (a). Categorical data were reported as absolute numbers and analyzed using the chi-square test (with Yates’ continuity correction for the 2 × 2 contingency table) or Fisher’s exact test (b).
Characteristics Group E (n=27) Group ES (n=27) P-value Procedural time (sec) 145.0 (105.0, 170.0) 130.0 (97.0, 140.0) 0.139a Tip of catheter 1.000b T4 10 9 T5 13 14 T6 3 4 T7 1 0 Dermatome range of sensory 1 hr after loading dose 5.0 (4.0, 6.0) 4.0 (4.0, 5.0) 0.016 a Continuous variables were presented as the median with interquartile range (Q1, Q3) and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test (a). Categorical data were reported as absolute numbers and analyzed using the Mantel–Haenszel trend‐test (b).
- Table 3
- Use of analgesic drugs, adverse events, and patient satisfaction during the postoperative period.
Parameters Group E (n = 27) Group ES (n = 27) P-value Use of rescue drug (Yes/No) 19 / 8 22 / 5 0.524b Time to first rescue drug injection, min 55.0 (0, 150.0) 25.0 (5.0, 90.0) 0.417a Total morphine consumption (mg) 3.0 (0, 4.5) 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) 0.047a Incidence of adverse events Total 15 6 0.045a Nausea 7 5 0.852b Dizziness 7 3 0.293b Hypotension 2 0 0.471b Arrhythmia 0 0 Syncope 0 0 Satisfaction (5-point scale) Procedural (1/2/3/4/5) 0/0/2/11/14 0/0/7/14/6 0.054b Postoperative pain (1/2/3/4/5) 0/0/2/14/11 0/1/7/16/3 0.023b Adverse effect (1/2/3/4/5) 0/2/3/8/14 0/3/3/12/9 0.569b Continuous variables were presented as median with interquartile range (Q1, Q3) and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test (a). Categorical data were reported as absolute numbers and analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (b). Min: minimum
