Levels and profiles of pentabromodiphenyl ether contaminants in human breast milk from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Sobhy M. Yakout; Ahmed M. Isa; Amel A. El-Sayed; Ibrahim M. Aziz

doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220902

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Table 1

- Participants characteristics (N=75).

Characteristic	n (%)
Mean age in years, Mean±SD	31.4±4.4
Age, years
21–25	6 (8.0)
26–30	27 (36.0)
>30	42 (56.0)
Mean BMI, kg/m², Mean±SD	25.6±3.0
BMI, kg/m²
<25	27 (37.0)
25-29.9	41 (56.2)
30-34.9	3 (4.1)
35-39.9	2 (2.7)
Urban residence	74 (98.0)
Residence in years
≤5	1 (1.3)
>5	74 (98.7)
Rural residence	1 (1.3)
Residence in years
≤5	-
>5	1 (100.0)
Education
≤High school	24 (32.0)
College	8 (10.7)
≥Bachelor’s degree	43 (57.3)
Birth order
First	68 (90.7)
Second or higher	7 (9.3)
Parity
Primiparous	68 (90.7)
Multiparous	7 (9.3)
Diet (before pregnancy)
Omnivore	74 (98.7)
Vegetarian	0 (0)

Data presented as mean±SD for continuous variables whereas categorical variables were presented as number and percentages (%). MBI: body mass index, SD: standard deviation

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Table 2

- Reported weekly food consumption.

Reported weekly food consumption (persons)	Egg	Fish	Meat	Milk
Reported weekly food consumption (persons)	n (%)
Never	0 (0.0)	6 (8.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Sometimes	4 (5.6)	16 (21.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.7)
Once a week	3 (4.2)	19 (25.3)	1 (1.3)	0 (0.0)
Twice a week	24 (33.3)	33 (44.0)	4 (5.3)	2 (2.7)
More than twice a week, but not every day	38 (52.8)	1 (1.3)	52 (69.3)	27 (36.0)
Every day	3 (4.2)	0 (0.0)	18 (24.0)	44 (58.7)

Data presented as number and percentages (%).

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Table 3

- Mean and median concentration of PBDEs.

BDEs	Mean±SD	Median (Q1-Q3)	N <LOD
BDE-47	1.9±1.8	1.5 (0.7 - 2.8)	2 (2.7)
BDE-99	0.9±0.6	0.7 (0.4 - 1.0)	2 (2.7)
BDE-100	0.2±0.1	0.2 (0.2 - 0.3)	2 (2.7)
BDE-153	0.6±0.5	0.5 (0.3 - 0.8)	2 (2.7)
∑PBDEs	3.6±2.8	2.8 (1.7 – 4.5)	2 (2.7)
∑BDEs	4.9±3.3	3.8 (2.9 – 5.5)	2 (2.7)

Data are shown as mean standard deviation (SD) and median (Q1–Q3). LOD: detection limit, PBDE: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, BDE: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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Table 4

- Correlation between BDE and participant characteristics.

BDEs	Age		BMI		Residing years		Fish and fish Products		Meat and poultry		Milk and milk products		Eggs
BDEs	R	P-value	R	P-value	R	P-value	R	P-value	R	P-value	R	P-value	R	P-value
BDE-47	-0.03	0.79	0.1	0.43	0.03	0.80	0.09	0.44	-0.21	0.07	-0.04	0.74	-0.39	<0.01^*
BDE-99	-0.03	0.82	0.2	0.09	-0.14	0.23	-0.01	0.90	-0.18	0.12	0.06	0.64	-0.07	0.56
BDE-100	0.04	0.76	-0.04	0.71	0.05	0.70	0.12	0.33	-0.01	0.96	0.08	0.50	-0.05	0.66
BDE-153	0.13	0.28	0.15	0.20	-0.11	0.36	0.07	0.55	-0.1	0.41	0.03	0.77	-0.18	0.014^*
∑PBDEs	0.02	0.88	0.19	0.11	-0.01	0.94	0.01	0.95	-0.23	0.05^*	-0.05	0.66	-0.31	0.01^*