Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Saudi Medical Journal
  • Other Publications
    • NeuroSciences Journal
  • My alerts
  • Log in
Saudi Medical Journal

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Latest
    • Archive
    • home
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
    • Join SMJ
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Office
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Advertising
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Follow psmmc on Twitter
  • Visit psmmc on Facebook
  • RSS
Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Levels and profiles of pentabromodiphenyl ether contaminants in human breast milk from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Sobhy M. Yakout, Ahmed M. Isa, Amel A. El-Sayed and Ibrahim M. Aziz
Saudi Medical Journal May 2023, 44 (5) 450-455; DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220902
Sobhy M. Yakout
From the Department of Biochemistry (Yakout), College of Science; from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Isa, El-Sayed), College of Medicine; from the Department of Botany and Microbiology (Aziz), College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ahmed M. Isa
From the Department of Biochemistry (Yakout), College of Science; from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Isa, El-Sayed), College of Medicine; from the Department of Botany and Microbiology (Aziz), College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Amel A. El-Sayed
From the Department of Biochemistry (Yakout), College of Science; from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Isa, El-Sayed), College of Medicine; from the Department of Botany and Microbiology (Aziz), College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ibrahim M. Aziz
From the Department of Biochemistry (Yakout), College of Science; from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Isa, El-Sayed), College of Medicine; from the Department of Botany and Microbiology (Aziz), College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MSc
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. EL-Saeid MH,
    2. Sapp JB,
    3. Hassanin AS
    . Congener specific determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk. Adv Plants Agric Res 2017; 6: 108–112.
    OpenUrl
  2. 2.↵
    1. Raab U,
    2. Schwegler U,
    3. Preiss U,
    4. Albrecht M,
    5. Fromme H
    . Bavarian breast milk survey--pilot study and future developments. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210: 341–344.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Zhou P,
    2. Wu Y,
    3. Yin S,
    4. Li J,
    5. Zhao Y,
    6. Zhang L, et al.
    National survey of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in the breast milk of mothers in China. Environ Pollut 2011; 159: 524–531.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs). [Accessed 4 November 2004]. Available at: https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-environmental-quality-and-transboundary-issues/stockholm-convention-on-persistent-organic-pollutants/
  5. 5.↵
    United Nations Environment Programme. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. [Updated 2022; 4 Aug 2022]. Available from: http://www.pops.int/
  6. 6.↵
    1. Maruyama W,
    2. Aoki Y
    . Estimated cancer risk of dioxins to humans using a bioassay and physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2006. 214: 188–198.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. 7.
    1. Pan X,
    2. Liu X,
    3. Li X,
    4. Niu N,
    5. Yin X,
    6. Li N, et al.
    Association between environmental dioxin-related toxicants exposure and adverse pregnancy outcome: systematic review and meta- analysis. Int J Fertil Steril 2015 8: 351–366.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.
    1. Lawson CC,
    2. Schnorr TM,
    3. Whelan EA,
    4. Deddens JA,
    5. Dankovic DA,
    6. Laurie A, et al.
    Paternal occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and birth outcomes of offspring: birth weight, preterm delivery, and birth defects. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 1403–1408.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  9. 9.
    1. Bursian, SJ,
    2. Newsted JL,
    3. Zwiernik MJ
    . Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofuransReproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press: San Diego (CA); 2011. p. 543–567.
  10. 10.↵
    1. Lai TJ,
    2. Liu X,
    3. Guo YL,
    4. Guo NW,
    5. Yu ML,
    6. Hsu CC, et al.
    A cohort study of behavioral problems and intelligence in children with high prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 1061–1066.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  11. 11.↵
    1. Chen Y,
    2. Li J,
    3. Liu L,
    4. Zhao N
    . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers fate in China: a review with an emphasis on environmental contamination levels, human exposure and regulation. J Environ Manage 2012; 113: 22–30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. 12.↵
    1. Ma S,
    2. Yu Z,
    3. Zhang X,
    4. Ren G,
    5. Peng P,
    6. Sheng G, et al.
    Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Shanghai: implication for exposure route of higher brominated BDEs. Environ Int 2012; 42: 72–77.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Staskal DF,
    2. Hakk H,
    3. Bauer D,
    4. Diliberto JJ,
    5. Birnbaum LS
    . Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 in mice. Toxicol Sci 2006; 94: 28–37.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    1. Morf LS,
    2. Buser AM,
    3. Taverna R,
    4. Bader HP,
    5. Scheidegger R
    . Dynamic Substance Flow Analysis Model for Selected Brominated Flame Retardants as a Base for Decision Making on Risk Reduction Measures. 2007. p. 23.
  15. 15.↵
    United Nations Environment Programme. Report of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee on the work of its third meeting “Risk management evaluation on commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether’. [Updated 2007; Accessed date: 29 Aug 2022]. Available from: http://chm.pops.int/Default.aspx?tabid=348
  16. 16.↵
    Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs). Atlanta (US): Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2017. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=901&tid=183
  17. 17.↵
    1. Campaign WD
    . Bad Blood? A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers. [Updated 2007; Accessed date: 2 Oct 2022]. Available from: https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/badbloodoctober2004.pdf
  18. 18.↵
    1. Guo W,
    2. Holden A,
    3. Smith SC,
    4. Gephart R,
    5. Petreas M,
    6. Park JS
    . PBDE levels in breast milk are decreasing in California. Chemosphere 2016; 150: 505–513.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Vuong AM,
    2. Yolton K,
    3. Dietrich KN,
    4. Braun JM,
    5. Lanphear BP,
    6. Chen A
    . Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and child behavior: Current findings and future directions. Horm Behav 2018; 101: 94–104.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    United Nation Environment. Survey of Human Milk for Persistent Organic Pollutants Guidelines for Organization, Sampling and Analysis. Stockholm (SE): Chemicals and Health Branch. [Updated 2017; Accessed 15 October 2022]. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21024/UNEP_Guidance_HumanMilk_2017_En.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  21. 21.↵
    1. Guvenius DM,
    2. Aronsson A,
    3. Ekman-Ordeberg G,
    4. Bergman A,
    5. Norén K
    . Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111: 1235–1241.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  22. 22.
    1. Kalantzi OI,
    2. Martin FL,
    3. Thomas GO,
    4. Alcock RE,
    5. Tang HR,
    6. Drury SC, et al.
    Different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two U.K. Regions. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 1085–1091.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    1. Dimitriadou L,
    2. Malarvannan G,
    3. Covaci A,
    4. Iossifidou E,
    5. Tzafettas J,
    6. Zournatzi-Koiou V, et al.
    Levels and profiles of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in human breast milk from Thessaloniki, Greece. Sci Total Environ 2016; 539: 350–358.
    OpenUrl
  24. 24.
    1. Li J,
    2. Chen T,
    3. Wang Y,
    4. Shi Z,
    5. Zhou X,
    6. Sun Z, et al.
    Simple and fast analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane isomers, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum using solid-phase extraction or QuEChERS extraction followed by tandem mass spectrometry coupled to HPLC and GC. J Sep Sci 2017; 40: 709–716.
    OpenUrl
  25. 25.↵
    1. Zhang L,
    2. Yin S,
    3. Zhao Y,
    4. Shi Z,
    5. Li J,
    6. Wu Y
    . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from China under the Stockholm Convention. Chemosphere 2017; 189: 32–38.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    1. Chen T,
    2. Huang M,
    3. Li J,
    4. Li J,
    5. Shi Z
    . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Occurrence, temporal trends, nursing infants’ exposure and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689: 278–286.
    OpenUrl
  27. 27.↵
    1. Malarvannan G,
    2. Isobe T,
    3. Covaci A,
    4. Prudente M,
    5. Tanabe S
    . Accumulation of brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk and scalp hair from the Philippines: levels, distribution and profiles. Sci Total Environ 2013; 442: 366–379.
    OpenUrl
  28. 28.↵
    1. Abdallah MA,
    2. Harrad S
    . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in UK human milk: implications for infant exposure and relationship to external exposure. Environ Int 2014; 63: 130–136.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.↵
    1. Antignac JP,
    2. Main KM,
    3. Virtanen HE,
    4. Boquien CY,
    5. Marchand P,
    6. Venisseau A, et al.
    Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in breast milk of French, Danish and Finnish women. Environ Pollut 2016; 218: 728–738.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Müller MH,
    2. Polder A,
    3. Brynildsrud OB,
    4. Lie E,
    5. Løken KB,
    6. Manyilizu WB, et al.
    Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. Environ Int 2016; 89-90: 38–47.
    OpenUrl
  31. 31.↵
    1. Matovu H,
    2. Sillanpaa M,
    3. Ssebugere P
    . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers’ breast milk and associated health risk to nursing infants in Uganda. Sci Total Environ 2019; 692: 1106–1115.
    OpenUrl
  32. 32.↵
    1. Haraguchi K,
    2. Koizumi A,
    3. Inoue K,
    4. Harada KH,
    5. Hitomi T,
    6. Minata M, et al.
    Levels and regional trends of persistent organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Asian breast milk demonstrate POPs signatures unique to individual countries. Environ Int 2009; 35: 1072–1079.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Herbstman JB,
    2. Sjödin A,
    3. Apelberg BJ,
    4. Witter FR,
    5. Donald G
    6. Patterson DG, et al.
    Determinants of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in an urban population. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115: 1794–1800.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. 34.↵
    1. Thomsen C,
    2. Stigum H,
    3. Frøshaug M,
    4. Broadwell SL,
    5. Becher G,
    6. Eggesbø M
    . Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study. Environ Int 2010; 36: 68–74.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Campoy C,
    2. Olea-Serrano F,
    3. Jiménez M,
    4. Bayés R,
    5. Cañabate F,
    6. Rosales MJ
    . Diet and organochlorine contaminants in women of reproductive age under 40 years old. Early Hum Dev 2001; 65: S173–S182.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  36. 36.
    1. Mes J,
    2. Davies DJ,
    3. Doucet J,
    4. Weber D,
    5. McMullen E
    . Levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in Canadian human breast milk and their relationship to some characteristics of the donors. Food Addit Contam 1993; 10: 429–441.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  37. 37.↵
    1. Mussalo-Rauhamaa H,
    2. Pyysalo H,
    3. Antervo K
    . Relation between the content of organochlorine compounds in Finnish human milk and characteristics of the mothers. J Toxicol Environ Health 1988; 25: 1–19.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  38. 38.↵
    1. Jones-Otazo HA,
    2. Clarke JP,
    3. Diamond ML,
    4. Archbold JA,
    5. Ferguson G,
    6. Harner T
    . Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39: 5121–5130.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  39. 39.
    1. Wilford BH,
    2. Shoeib M,
    3. Harner T,
    4. Zhu J,
    5. Jones KC
    . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39: 7027–7035.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Wu N,
    2. Herrmann T,
    3. Paepke O,
    4. Tickner J,
    5. Hale R,
    6. Harvey LE, et al.
    Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41: 1584–1589.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Babalola BA,
    2. Adeyi AA
    . Levels, dietary intake and risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foods commonly consumed in Nigeria. Food Chem 2018; 265: 78–84.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Saudi Medical Journal: 44 (5)
Saudi Medical Journal
Vol. 44, Issue 5
1 May 2023
  • Table of Contents
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Saudi Medical Journal.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Levels and profiles of pentabromodiphenyl ether contaminants in human breast milk from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Saudi Medical Journal
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Saudi Medical Journal web site.
Citation Tools
Levels and profiles of pentabromodiphenyl ether contaminants in human breast milk from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sobhy M. Yakout, Ahmed M. Isa, Amel A. El-Sayed, Ibrahim M. Aziz
Saudi Medical Journal May 2023, 44 (5) 450-455; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220902

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Levels and profiles of pentabromodiphenyl ether contaminants in human breast milk from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sobhy M. Yakout, Ahmed M. Isa, Amel A. El-Sayed, Ibrahim M. Aziz
Saudi Medical Journal May 2023, 44 (5) 450-455; DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.5.20220902
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgment
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Assessment of asthma control levels in a tertiary hospital
  • The risk factors for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Saudi Arabia
  • Prolonged flight exposure and its effects on sinonasal health among aircrew members
Show more Original Article

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • PBDEs
  • breast milk
  • estimated dietary intakes

CONTENT

  • home

JOURNAL

  • home

AUTHORS

  • home
Saudi Medical Journal

© 2025 Saudi Medical Journal Saudi Medical Journal is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention.  Saudi Medical Journal is an Open Access journal and articles published are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC). Readers may copy, distribute, and display the work for non-commercial purposes with the proper citation of the original work. Electronic ISSN 1658-3175. Print ISSN 0379-5284.

Powered by HighWire